Gender Differences in Depression in the General Population of Indonesia: Confounding Effects

Table 1

Demographic characteristics and cultural orientation.

Variables			value
Demographic characteristics
Age			<0.001
Ethnicity
Bugis/Makassar/mixed	86.4	85.3	0.714
Other	13.6	14.7
Education level
Low	16.9	4.9	<0.001
Medium	28.8	22.6
High	54.3	72.5
Occupation
Civil servant	7.8	11.7	<0.001
Self-employed	31.7	47.2
Other^a	60.5	41.1
Household income level
Low	32.5	25.7	<0.001
Medium	44.4	59.2
High	5.3	10.2
Unknown	17.7	4.9
Cultural orientation
Horizontal individualism (HI) ()			0.003
Vertical individualism (VI) ()			0.277
Horizontal collectivism (HC) ()			0.650
Vertical collectivism (VC) ()			<0.001

Data are and percentages and were analyzed using chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests (). The reliability was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha (). ^aOccupations with low frequencies were categorized as “other”.