Gender Differences in Depression in the General Population of Indonesia: Confounding Effects
Table 2
Mean gender differences in overall and four-factor depression symptoms.
Depression symptoms (CES-D)
value
Overall (0–60)†
0.237
Depressed affect (0–21)
0.196
Blues (03)††
0.407
Depressed (06)
0.451
Failure (09)
0.609
Fearful (10)
0.100
Lonely (14)
0.296
Crying (17)
0.011
Sad (18)
0.015
Positive affecta (0–12)
0.805
Good (04)
0.580
Hopeful (08)
0.233
Happy (12)
0.345
Enjoy (16)
0.544
Somatic and retarded activity (0–21)
0.761
Bothered (01)
0.974
Appetite (02)
0.867
Mind (05)
0.245
Effort (07)
0.680
Sleep (11)
0.852
Talk (13)
0.330
Get going (20)
0.018
Interpersonal (0–6)
0.370
Unfriendly (15)
0.030
Dislike (19)
0.484
Mann–Whitney test with . Cronbach’s alpha () for the CES-D was 0.812. Abbreviation: CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. aScored in reverse. †Scale range. ††This term and all subsequent descriptive terms in the column were item codes in the scale.
