The Association between Late Third-Trimester Oxytocin Level and Early-Onset Postpartum Depression Symptoms among Jordanian Mothers: A Cross-sectional Study

Table 1

Sample characteristics for the participants. Mean: ; standard deviation: SD; %: percent ().

Variable	(%)
Demographic variables
Age	172 (100)
Employment
Employed	86 (50)
Housewife	86 (50)
Income
Low	128 (74.70)
High	044 (25.60)
Gender of the baby
Male	81 (47.10)
Female	91 (52.90)
Level of education
School	25 (14.50)
Diploma	13 (07.60)
Bachelor	121 (70.30)
Master	11 (06.40)
Philosophy degree	2 (01.20)
Psychosocial variables
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)	172 (100)
EPDS score
<13	119 (69.20)
≥13	053 (30.80)
Previous history of depression
Yes	045 (26.20)
No	127 (73.80)
Family history of depression
Yes	007 (04.10)
No	165 (95.90)
Family emotional support
Yes	155 (90.10)
No	017 (09.90)
Family issues
Yes	006 (03.50)
No	166 (96.50)
Satisfied with health care
Yes	155 (90.10)
No	007 (09.90)
Clinical variables
Serum oxytocin concentration (ng/ml)	172 (100)
Gestational age (weeks)
Planned pregnancy
Yes	131 (76.20)
No	041 (23.80)
Parity
Prim gravid	034 (19.80)
Multigravida	138 (80.20)
Presence history of miscarriages
Yes	047 (27.30)
No	125 (72.70)
Mode of delivery
Caesarean section	108 (62.80)
Vaginal delivery	064 (37.20)
Analgesics use during labour
Yes	036 (56.25)
No	028 (43.75)
Episiotomy
Yes	026 (40.62)
No	038 (59.38)
Perineal suturing
Yes	044 (68.75)
No	020 (31.25)
Postpartum haemorrhage
Yes	006 (03.50)
No	166 (96.50)
Gestational diabetes
Yes	002 (01.20)
No	170 (98.80)
Induced labour
Yes	013 (07.60)
No	159 (92.40)