The Association between Late Third-Trimester Oxytocin Level and Early-Onset Postpartum Depression Symptoms among Jordanian Mothers: A Cross-sectional Study

Table 3

Independent -test to examine the difference in Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) based on selected demographic, social and psychological, and clinical variables ().

Variable	(SD)	(170)	value
Employment		1.20	0.23
Employed	09.51 (5.09)
Nonemployed	10.45 (5.15)
Income		2.17	0.03
Low	10.48 (4.95)
High	08.55 (5.42)
Gender of the newborn		1.08	0.27
Male	09.53 (4.78)
Female	10.38 (5.41)
Education		2.50	0.01
Below bachelor	12.32 (5.46)
Bachelor and above	09.59 (4.98)
Previous history of depression		-4.40	<0.001
Yes	12.73 (4.76)
No	09.01 (4.91)
Family history of depression		-2.45	0.01
Yes	14.57 (5.25)
No	9.79 (5.05)
Family emotional support
Yes	9.71 (5.02)	2.12	0.03
No	12.47 (5.60)
Family issues
Yes	15.50 (5.71)	-2.73	0.007
No	9.78 (5.01)
Satisfied with health care		-0.73	0.46
Yes	10.08 (5.12)
No	09.12 (5.27)
Planned pregnancy		1.49	0.13
Yes	09.66 (5.01)
No	11.02 (5.43)
Parity		1.81	0.07
Primgravid	08.56 (4.56)
Multigravida	10.33 (5.22)
Previous history of miscarriages		-0.46	0.64
Yes	10.28 (5.05)
No	09.87 (5.17)
Mode of delivery		-1.04	0.29
Caesarean section	10.30 (5.36)
Vaginal delivery	9.45 (4.70)
Postpartum haemorrhage		-0.65	0.51
Yes	11.33 (5.27)
No	09.93 (5.13)
Induced labour		0.99	0.31
Yes	08.62 (5.47)
No	10.09 (5.10)