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| Research | Study goal | Technique used | Findings |
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| Proposed | Detection of SC
Help owner to preserve cotton quality during lengthy storage | IoT for data input ANN for data analysis | (1) Smart sensing of three types of self-heating caused by temperature, methane, and moisture in order to detect SC.
(2) ANN can predict SC with 99.8% accuracy. |
| [5] | Identify combustion characteristics of smoldering and burning of cotton | Comparative study | (1) Compare combustion characteristics between two processes, i.e., burning and smoldering.
(2) He found that more carbon monoxide produces during smoldering than burning; hence, the CO rate is higher for smoldering. |
| [6] | Investigation of thermal self-heating in raw cotton | Thermal analysis | (1) Bales of raw cotton and piles of cotton cloth during processing and laundering accumulate self-heating which instigate spontaneous ignition due to the fact that the internal temperatures of cotton fall in the 300–350°C range which becomes the reason of self-ignition. |
| [8] | RFID- and PSO-based wireless temperature and humidity monitoring technology | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | (1) The system monitors the circulation temperature and humidity in the cotton stack storage warehouse using real-time monitoring, i.e., RFID intelligent inspection terminal, which integrates RFID positioning technology and wireless temperature and humidity monitoring technology into the system platform. The bale information is then uploaded to the platform in real time. |
| [12] | Detection of gases | Gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS) | (1) Propose generation laws of the iconic gas compositions during cotton smoldering.
(2) The heating process produces alkanes, furans, alkenes, aldehydes, hydrazine, and acids.
(3) The methane has the highest proportion being nearly 99% in the organic gas composition. Moreover, a little hydrogen and carbon monoxide were also produced.
(4) Methane was produced continuously during the heating process. Hydrogen produced at 95°C, as a midproduct. Along with hydrogen, acetone is also produced at 125°C, and carbon monoxide is produced at 145°C, showing that the smoldering was at the early stage.
(5) If smoldering happened, methane and hydrogen are both produced, which means that they can be used as indicators of smoldering. |
| [9] | Finding self-heating oxidation temperature (SHOT) of cotton | C80 microcalorimeter | (1) Their study concluded that a higher heating rate results in larger reaction heat and lower SHOT. |
| [10] | Propose early fire detection by investigation of all such factors and events that contribute to the formation of fire | Did a comprehensive analysis on the physical and chemical properties and combustion conditions of cotton | (1) He did a comprehensive analysis on the physical and chemical properties and combustion conditions of cotton and concluded that smoldering was the main cause of cotton fire and of cotton. |
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