Gastroprotective Effect of Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale) Extract: Role of Gallic Acid and Cinnamic Acid in H⁺, K⁺-ATPase/H. pylori Inhibition and Anti-Oxidative Mechanism

Table 1

Anti-oxidant/anti-oxidant enzymes and TBARS levels in swim stress-induced ulcer model (𝑛=6) mean ± SD.

Parameters	Protein (mg g^−1)	SOD (U mg^−1)	Catalase (U mg^−1)	Glutathione Peroxidase (nmol g^−1)	GSH (U mg^−1)	TBARS nmol
Stomach
Healthy	2.23^c±0.16	092.9^a±08	46.5^c±4.6	28.6^a±2.4	376.6^c±37	0.82^a±0.07
Ulcerated	1.39^a±0.16	201.3^d±21	22.8^a±2.1	68.6^c±5.6	216.2^a±23	2.16^c±0.19
GRAE 100 mg kg^−1	1.68^a±0.16	161.6^c±18	38.6^b±3.4	32.4^b±3.5	306.5^b±32	1.12^b±0.08
GRAE 200 mg kg^−1	2.46^b±0.23	136.4^b,c±14	43.1^b,c±4.5	26.9^a±2.8	351.5^c±34	0.91^a±0.06
Lansoprazole	2.13^b±0.13	124.3^b±14	44^b,c±4.5	26.7^a±2.3	325^b,c±32	0.94^a±0.08
Serum
Healthy	6.621^a±0.51	112.3^a±28	44.20^c±4.9	0.221^a±0.004	23.6^c±3.0	0.165^a±0.01
Ulcerated	6.845^a±0.53	264.6^d±32	22.90^a±3.1	0.286^c±0.02	11.1^a±1.8	0.326^d±0.02
GRAE 100 mg kg^−1	6.663^a±0.62	186.8^c±21	34.23^b±3.6	0.293^d±0.03	16.5^b±1.7	0.264^c±0.02
GRAE 200 mg kg^−1	6.943^a±0.61	148.6^b±15	41.45^c±4.3	0.254^b±0.03	22.3^b,c±2.3	0.186^a,b±0.02
Lansoprazole	6.632^a±0.62	143.6^b,c±16	36.82^b±3.4	0.246^a±0.02	18.8^a±2.3	0.188^b±0.01
Liver
Healthy	24.2^c±0.31	261.5^b±41	28.42^d±3.1	0.32^a±0.02	414^c±51	0.98^a±0.13
Ulcerated	21.9^a±0.23	142.4^a±18	22.18^b,c±2.6	0.58^c±0.05	221^a±26	2.41^d±0.23
GRAE 100 mg kg^−1	23.7^b±0.27	196.6^a±21	22.54^b,c±2.4	0.45^a,b±0.04	323^b±33	1.98^c±0.21
GRAE 200 mg kg^−1	24.2^b±0.23	266.7^d±36	26.67^a±2.4	0.46^a±0.04	382^a±36	1.45^b±0.27
Lansoprazole	23.7^b±0.25	234.4^c,d±24	24.62^a±2.3	0.41^a±0.03	325^a±31	1.64^b±0.21

Different letters “a” to “d” in the column represents that values are significantly different when compared between ulcer induced with healthy control and GRAE/lansoprazole-treated groups.