The Impact of Group Drumming on Social-Emotional Behavior in Low-Income Children

Table 2

Mean (standard deviation) TRF broad-band scale scores by classroom.

	TE1 (n = 24)	TE2 (n = 22)	TE3 (n = 30)	TE4 (n = 25)
Condition	D	CN	D	CN
TRF scale
Baseline TO	7.6 (7.9)	15.5 (11.3)	10.7 (9.0)	18.0 (14.6)
Post-TO	3.6 (3.2)	17.4 (11.1)	7.4 (7.9)	20.4 (14.0)
Difference TO	4.0 (7.9)	–1.9 (7.4)	3.3 (6.2)	–2.4 (7.6)
Baseline IP	2.3 (3.1)	3.4 (2.5)	4.3 (4.8)	4.4 (4.1)
Post-IP	1.3 (1.4)	4.3 (2.8)	2.3 (2.2)	4.1 (3.4)
Difference IP	1.0 (3.2)	–0.9 (3.1)	2.0 (3.5)	0.3 (2.6)

TE: teacher; D: drumming; CN: control; TRF: Teacher’s Report Form; Difference: difference score (post-intervention/control minus baseline); TO: total problems; IP: internalizing problems. A positive value for difference scores indicates improvement whereas a negative value indicates worsening of symptoms.