|
| Plant part | Possible active ingredients | Biological activities and clinical relevance | Literature source |
|
| Flower | | | |
| Safflor yellow | Inhibitory effects on the production of antibody and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in vivo; and the responsiveness of mixed lymphocyte reaction and production of IL2 in vitro | Lu et al. [7] |
| | Antilipid peroxidation effects | Jin et al. [8] |
| Triterpene | Anti-inflammatory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation | Akihisa et al. [9] |
| Polysaccharides | Antitumor activities through toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB pathway in the cell assay | Ando et al. [10] |
| Hydroxysafflor yellow A | Anti-thrombotic and -infraction effects and as a neuroprotective agent against cerebral ischemic damage | Wang et al. [1] Zhu et al. [2] Zhang et al. [11] Zhu et al. [12, 13] |
| Carthamin, safflower yellow | Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in hepatic stellate cells | Chor et al. [14] |
| | Reduction of cerebral infarction volume along with increase of bcl-2 and decrease of caspase-3 | Luo et al. [15] |
| | Improving functions of cardiac contraction and dilation, increasing coronary blood flow and strengthening the bcl-2 protein expression | Zhang and Jiang [16] |
| Water soluble substances | Cytotoxic effects on the rat nervous cells and may cause teratogenesis | Nobakht et al. [17] |
| | Antimycotic properties especially against Aspergillus fumigatus | Blaszczyk et al. [18] |
| Seed | | | |
| Oil extracts | Antitumor effects in a skin and beast cancer animal model and in a melanoma cell assay system | Loo et al. [3] Roh et al. [4] Yasukawa et al. [5] |
| Ethanol-ethyl acetate extract (serotonin derivatives and their glucoside) | Immunomodulatory effects mainly associated with anti-inflammatory activities | Takii et al. [6] |
| Serotonin derivatives | Antioxidant effects mainly for prevention of atherosclerosis through inhibition of LDL oxidation and postischemic myocardial dysfunction | Koyama et al. [19] Hotta et al. [20] |
| Trechelosides | Anabolic effects and antiestrogenic activities on bone through promotion of osteoblastic differentiation and inhibition of bone resorption | Kim et al. [21] Jang et al. [22] Yoo et al. [23] Yuk et al. [24] Hong et al. [25] |
| Linoleate | High linoleate in dietary oil supplements increase serum concentrations of prostaglandin F2α metabolite | Grant et al. [26] |
| Leaf | | | |
| Flavonoids | Antioxidative effects | Lee et al. [27] |
| Kinobeon A | A preventive effect on singlet oxygen and acting as a tyrosinase inhibitor | Kambayashi et al. [28] Kanehira et al. [29, 30] |
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