Biphasic Effect of Curcumin on Morphine Tolerance: A Preliminary Evidence from Cytokine/Chemokine Protein Array Analysis

Table 2

Relative density of expression of serum cytokines/chemokines on Day 8 after a 7-day consecutive treatment.

Cytokine/chemokine	Treatment on each day
	Normal saline (s.c.)-Normal saline (i.p.) (n = 5)	Morphine (s.c.)-Normal saline (i.p.) (n = 4)	Morphine (s.c.)-25 mg kg^-1 Curcumin (i.p.) (n = 4)	Morphine (s.c.)-400 mg kg^-1 Curcumin (i.p.) (n = 4)
Leptin	0.33	0.29	0.34	ND
VEGF	0.32	ND	0.30	ND
VEGF R1	0.35	0.33	0.33	ND
MDC	0.31	ND	0.29	ND
Flt3-ligand	0.30	ND	0.29	ND
SCF	0.29	0.27	0.29	ND
RANTES	0.30	0.27	0.31	ND
MIP-1α	0.41	0.31	0.43	ND
MIP-3α	0.38	0.30	0.40	ND
IL-13	0.31	0.28	0.32	ND
CRG-2	0.29	0.27	0.29	ND
sTNFRII	0.40	0.30	0.39	ND
TNFα	0.30	0.27	0.30	ND
Eotaxin	ND	ND	0.29	0.31

Each injection was delivered in 100 𝜇L vehicles and the interval between injections administered on the same day was 15 min. Abbreviations for specific cytokines/chemokines are as follows: VEGF for vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF R1 for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, MDC for macrophage-derived cytokine, Flt3-ligand for fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, SCF for stem cell factor, RANTES for Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted, MIP-1α for macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, MIP-3α for macrophage inflammatory protein-3α, IL-13 for interleukin-13, CRG-2 for cytokine-response gene 2, sTNFRII for soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type II, TNFα for tumor necrosis factor α. (ND: not detectable).