Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use in Patients with Proven or Suspected Cardiovascular Disease

Table 3

Common supplements used by cardiac patients, pooled results from included studies.

Supplement	Number of studies	Pooled 𝑛	Pooled sample	Pooled prevalence (%)
aloe vera	2	15	423	3.6
Bilberry	2	4	439	1.0
Calcium	6	1,017	4,629	22.0
cayenne pepper/capsicum	2	26	486	5.3
chromium/chromium picolinate	3	11	679	1.6
coenzyme Q10	7	58	2,335	2.5
Dandelion	2	4	359	1.0
Echinacea	5	705	11,503	6.1
fish oil/omega-3	7	279	14,014	2.0
flax seed/flax seed oil	5	48	1,235	3.9
folic acid	7	160	5,108	3.1
Garlic	12	902	16,417	5.5
Ginger	6	302	11,909	2.5
ginkgo biloba	6	572	15,131	3.8
Ginseng	8	502	14,471	3.5
glucosamine/chondroitin	8	499	11,855	4.2
green tea	4	61	931	6.6
Hawthorn	4	13	913	1.4
Iron	4	26	673	3.9
Kelp	2	7	486	1.4
Lecithin	3	8	492	1.6
multivitamins and minerals	9	1,883	5,525	34.1
Magnesium	6	50	1,352	3.7
mint/lemon balm	2	44	417	10.7
Nettle	3	68	864	7.9
Parsley	4	214	10,824	2.0
Peppermint	2	214	10,824	2.0
Potassium	3	87	4,034	2.2
Sage	2	29	417	7.0
saw palmetto	4	32	1,023	3.1
Selenium	2	8	385	2.0
St John’s wort	3	220	11,053	2.0
Valerian	3	24	882	2.7
vitamin A/beta-carotene	6	107	4,671	2.3
vitamin B/B12/B complex	8	470	5,261	8.9
vitamin C	9	768	5,408	14.2
vitamin D	4	42	1,047	4.0
vitamin E	8	1,056	5,318	19.9
Zinc	5	37	1,123	3.3

Note: Only supplements with reported ≥1% use in 2 or more studies were included. Some figures were calculated from reported percentages.