Herb Mechanisms of actions (i) Increase in cholinergic neuron function, (ii) Protection against the A
protein induced oxidative damages (degrading hydrogen peroxide, preventing lipid from oxidation and trapping reactive oxygen species), G. biloba [20 ](iii) Prevention of A
protein induced fibrillogenesis as well as the formation ADDLs, (iv) Inhibition of cholesterol-induced overproduction of APP, (v) Anti-apoptosis (opposing mitochondria-initiated apoptosis, downgrading caspase-12, upgrading BCL2 ), (vi) Regulation of gene expression (i) Protection against the A
protein and hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damages (ii) Anti-apoptosis (regulating gene expression: Bcl-2, Bax, P53 and caspase-3), (iii) Modulating secretary APP and protein kinase C-
, Huperzine A [21 , 22 ] (iv) Protection against hypoxia, ischemia and glutamate induced brain injury and cytotoxiicity, (v) Antagonizing effects on NMDA (N-methyl-D -aspartate) receptors, (vi) Regulation of the expression and secretion of nerve growth factor and its signaling Uncaria rhynchophylla [23 ](i) Inhibition of aggregation of A
protein, (ii) Destabilization of preformed A
neurofibrills (i) Increase in the uptake of choline in central nervous system, (ii) Release of acetylcholine from hippocampus, Ginseng [19 ] (iii) Increase in choline acetyltransferase, (iv) Protection against the A
protein induced neurotoxic effects, (v) Repair of A
-damaged neuron networks, (vi) Reducing the level of A
Tenuigenin (P. tenuifolta ) [24 ] (i) Decrease of the secretion of A
protein via BACE1 (
-secretase) inhibition (i) Alteration of the processing of amyloidal precursor protein, Berberine (C. rhizoma ) [25 , 26 ] (ii) Decrease of the secretion of A
protein, (iii) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity Indirubins [27 ] (i) Inhibition of abnormal tau phosphorylation by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and CDK5/p25
