Anti-Inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, and Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibitory Activities of Ravan Napas, a Formulation of Uighur Traditional Medicine, in a Rat Model of Allergic Asthma

Table 2

Chemical composition of the plants contained in Uighur herbal formula: Ravan Napas.

Plant	Major chemical components	References
H. cuspidatus aerial part	Essential oil: germacrenes B and D, hexadecanoic acid, (+)-transcaryophyllene, (+)-spathulenol	Ablizl 2009 [42]
F. vulgare fruit	transanethole, p-anisaldehyde, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin-3-O-𝛽-D-glucuronide	Bilia 2000 [43]; Kitajima 1998 [44–46]; Ishikawa 1998 [47]; Ishikawa 1999 [48]; Kitajima 1999 [49]; Ono 1995 [50]; Ono 1996 [51]; De Marino 2007 [52]
	Water-soluble constituents:
	alkyl glycosides, p-hydroxyphenylpropylene glycol glycosides, phenylpropanoid glycosides, benzyl alcohol derivative glycosides, phenylethanoid and its glycoside, threo-epoxyanethole glycoside, fenchane-, norfenchane-type monoterpenoid glycosides, menthane-, thujane-, camphane-type monoterpenoids, and monoterpenoid alcohols.
	Monoterpene glycosides: 𝛽-D-glucopyranosides of (1S,2R,4S)-2,4-dihydroxy-1,8-cineole-2-O, (1R,4R,6R)-4,6-dihydroxy-1,8-cineole-6-O, (1R,4R,6R)-4,6-dihydroxy-1,8-cineole-4-O, (1S,2R,4R,6S)-2,6-dihydroxy-1,8-cineole-2-O and (1S,2R,4S,5R)-2,5-dihydroxy-1,8-cineole-2-O
	Zizybeoside I, icaviside A4, syringin, sinapyl alcohol 1,3^′-di-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside, threo-anethole glycol, and erythro-anethole glycol glycosides.
	Stilbene trimers: 11a-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside, 13b-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside, 11a,13b-di-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside, 11a,13b,13c-tri-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside of cis-miyabenol C
	Cis-miyabenol C 11a-O-𝛽-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside, cis-miyabenol C 11a,13c-di-O-𝛽-d-glucopyranoside.
C. tinctorius seed	Serotonin derivatives, lignans, and flavonoids.	Koyama 2006 [53]; Kim 2007 [54]; Ahmed 2000 [55]
	Phenolic compounds: matairesinol 4^′-o-𝛽-D-glucoside, 8^′-hydroxyarctigenin 4^′-0-𝛽-D-glucoside, matairesinol, 8^′-hydroxyarctigenin, N-feruloylserotonin 5-O-𝛽-D-glucoside, N-(p-coumaroyl)-serotonin-5-O-𝛽-D-glucoside, N-feruloylserotonin, N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin, luteolin 7-O-𝛽-D-glucoside, luteolin, acacetin 7-O-𝛽-glucuronide, and acacetin
	Acacetin 7-O-𝛽-D-apiofuranosyl-(1^′→6^′)-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside together with previously isolated kaempferol 7-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside, acacetin 7-O-𝛼-L-rhamnopyranoside, and acacetin.
B. rapa seed	Isothiocyanates: 3-butenyl isothiocyanate.	Taveira 2009 [56]
M. verticillata seed	Polysaccharides: 𝛽-1,3- and 𝛽-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues acidic polysaccharide (MVS-VI) and 𝛽-1,3-linked D-glucose, and D-galactose residues neutral polysaccharide (MVS-I).	Tomoda 1992 [57]; Shimizu 1991 [58]
A. mongholicus root	Triterpene saponins, isoflavonoids, and polysaccharides.	Zhang 2007 [59]; Chu 2010 [60]; Han 2007 [61]; Bian 2006 [62]; Yu 2005 [63]; Wang 2008 [64]; Subarnas 1991 [65]; Shimizu 1991 [66]; Yan 2005 [67]
	Methanolic extract: cyclolanostane-type saponins including 8 astragaloside malonates, and malonylastragaloside I.
	Astragalosides I, II, IV, acetylastragaloside I, isoastragaloside I isoastragaloside II, astramembrannin II, afrormosin, calycosin, calycosin-7-O-𝛽-D-glucoside, daucosterol formononetin, formononetin-7-O-𝛽-D-glucoside, formononetin-7-O-𝛽-D-glucoside-6^′′-O-malonate, 2^′,4^′-dimethoxy-3^′-hydroxyisoflavan-6-O-𝛽-glucopyranoside, (6aR,11aR)9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-𝛽-D-glucoside, (6aR,11aR)3,9-dimethoxy-10-hydroxypterocarpan, (3R)8,2^′-dihydroxy-7,4^′-dimethoxyisoflavan, ononin, pinitol, 𝛽-sitosterol.
	Calycosin-7-O-𝛽-D-glucoside, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-𝛽-D-glucoside, and 3,9-di-O-methylnissolin; 4-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-[1,3]dioxoian-2,6^′-spirane-5^′,6^′,7^′,8^′-tetrahydro-indolizine-3^′-carbaldehyde; (HDTIC-1 and -2).
	Isoflavanoids: 7-O-methylisomucronulatol, isomucronulatol 7,2^′-di-O-glucoside, 5^′-hydroxyisomucronulatol 2^′,5^′-di-O-glucoside, and (3R)-7,2^′-dihydroxy-3^′,4^′-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-𝛽-D-glucoside 𝛼-arabino-𝛽-3,6-galactan-type acidic polysaccharide
	Lectin
Z. jujube fruit	Water and ethanol extracts:
	Terpenoids: ceanothic acid, alphitolic acid, zizyberanal acid, zizyberanalic acid, zizyberanone, epiceanothic acid, ceanothenic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 2𝛼-hydroxyursolic acid and zizyberenalic acid, (2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-[(2^′R)-2^′-hydroxy-tetracosanoyl]-8-octadecene-1,3,4-triol and its 1-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranosyl derivate, maslinic acid, 3𝛽,6𝛽-stigmast-4-en-3,6-diol, 𝛽-sitosterol, daucosterol, tetracosanoic acid, and heptadecanoic acid.	Guo 2009 [68–70]; Pawlowska 2009 [71]
	Flavonoids: kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-robinobioside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-𝛽-D-xylosyl-(1-2)-𝛼-L-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-𝛼-L-arabinosyl-(1-2)-𝛼-L-rhamnoside, and rutin.
V. tianshanica aerial part	Daucosterol and flavonoids: isorhamnetin 3-O-𝛽-glucoside, kaempferol, kaempferol 7-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-𝛽-D- glucopyranoside, and quercetin.	Yu 2009 [72]