Brazilian Propolis Suppresses Angiogenesis by Inducing Apoptosis in Tube-Forming Endothelial Cells through Inactivation of Survival Signal ERK1/2

Figure 4

Schematic diagram of angiogenesis suppression by EEBP. Proangiogenic factors such as bFGF and PMA stimulate ERK1/2 signaling. Subsequently, the survival signal inactivates caspase pathway, thereby maintaining cell survival and facilitating angiogenesis. In contrast, EEBP inhibits ERK1/2 activation, thereby activating caspase pathway and inducing apoptosis, which consequently leads to angiogenesis suppression.