Earthworms Dilong: Ancient, Inexpensive, Noncontroversial Models May Help Clarify Approaches to Integrated Medicine Emphasizing Neuroimmune Systems

Figure 1

Schematic model of the survival and proliferative effects of Dilong extract on RSC96 Schwann cell. Stimulation of Schwann cell with Dilong extract activates IGF-I signaling, leading to upregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and activation of the cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1, E, and A, resulting in the survival and proliferation of RSC96 Schwann cell. Dotted lines indicate the hypothetical molecular mechanism of the bioactive compound present in Dilong powder (from [40]).