Betulinic Acid Inhibits Growth of Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro by Inducing G_𝟏 Arrest and Apoptosis

Figure 4

Induction of apoptotic and necrotic cell death by BA in VSMCs after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h incubation. (a) The number of cells in each of three individual experiments was 100. Error bars denote SD. *𝑃<0.05 (Student’s-t test). Representative pictures of acridine orange/propidium for (b) negative control (c) IC₅₀ BA for 24 h, (d) IC₅₀ BA for 48 h, and (e) IC₅₀ BA for72 h. (V: viable, A apoptosis; N: necrosis; SN: secondary necrotic) [400×].

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