Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Isorhamnetin, A Flavonol Aglycone from Ginkgo biloba L., Induces Neuronal Differentiation of Cultured PC12 Cells: Potentiating the Effect of Nerve Growth Factor

Table 1

Flavonoids induce the expressions of NF68, NF160, and NF200.
FlavonoidNF68NF160NF200FlavonoidNF68NF160NF200FlavonoidNF68NF160NF200
FlavanonesBiflavonesChalcones
Alpinetin−−−Ginkgetin++−Cardamonin++++
Farrerol−−−DihydrochalconesFlavanes
Hesperidin+++−Phloretin−−−(−)-Catechin−−−
Liquiritin−−−Phloridzin−−−(−)-Epicatechin−−−
Naringenine+−−FlavanonolsFlavonols
Naringin−−−Dihydromyricetin−−−Astragalin−−−
Neohesperidin−−−Silybin−−−Galangin++−
Prunin−−−IsoflavonesHibifolin−−−
FlavonesCalycosin−−−Hyperin++−
Apigenin−−−Calycosin-7-O-glc−−−Icariin−−−
Apiin−−−Daidzein+++−Isoquercitrin−−−
Baicalein−−−Daidzin−−−Isorhamnetin+++++++
Baicalin−−−Formononetin−−−Isorhamnetin-3-O-rut−−−
Chrysin−−−Genistein+++−Kaempferol++++
Hebacetin-8-OCH3+−−Genistin−−−Kaempferol-3-O-rut−−−
Isovitexin−−−Glycitein+++−Kaempferol-3-O-glc+−−
Luteolin++++Glycitin−−−Quercetin+++−
Lysionotin−−−Irisflorentin++−Quercetin-3′-O-glc+−−
Morusin−−−Ononin−−−RNFG++−
Scutellarin−−−Pratensein++−Rutin−−−
Scoparin+−−Puerarin−−−Tiliroside−−−
Tangeretin+−−4′,7-OCH3-puerarin−−−Vitexicarpin−−−
Wogonin−−−4′,7-OCOCH3-puerarin−−−
AuronesTectoridin+++−
Sulphuretin+++−Tectorigenin−−−NGF+++++++++
Data are means ± SEM, . Data are based on the means. And the value of SEM is within 5% of the mean, which is not shown for clarity. “+” to “+++” indicate the percentage of increasing of the neurofilaments expression level (“+” indicates 100% to 200% increasing in the tested activities, “++” indicates 200% to 300% increasing, and “+++” indicates >300% increasing). “−” indicates no effect, that is, below 10%. For the tested flavonoids, the maximal testing concentrations distribute from 3 μM to 30 μM, according to the results from cell viability assay. The submaximal doses of these flavonoids were used for comparison. NGF at 50 ng/ml served as a positive control. RNFG is corresponding to Radix Notoginseng flavonol glucoside or quercetin 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranoside.