The Effects of a Gentle Yoga Program on Sleep, Mood, and Blood Pressure in Older Women with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants with () versus without () symptoms of restless legs syndrome (RLS).
Restless Legs Syndrome
No
Yes
Frequency/Mean
Percent/SE
Frequency/Mean
Percent/SE
Demographic and lifestyle characteristics
Age in years (Mean, SE)
58.78
0.90
58.65
1.70
NS
Race/ethnicity
NS
Non-Hispanic White
45
81.82%
15
75.00%
Minority
10
18.18%
5
25.00%
Education
NS
<4 years college
13
23.64%
7
35.00%
≥4 years college
42
76.36%
13
65.00%
Employed
39
70.91%
13
65.00%
NS
Married/Cohabiting
27
49.09%
7
35.00%
NS
Mean daily intake of the following:
Caffeine, mg (Mean, SE)
148.89
24.86
156.47
31.49
NS
Alcohol, g (Mean, SE)
8.45
2.93
20.13
11.14
NS
Health and reproductive history
Reported history of:
High blood pressure
14
25.45%
9
45.00%
0.10
Depression
10
18.18%
10
50.00%
0.008
Anxiety
8
14.55%
5
25.00%
NS
Hormone replacement therapy
11
20.00%
0
0.00%
0.03
Never pregnant
14
25.45%
2
10.00%
NS
Number of pregnancies
1.82
0.20
2.90
0.55
0.02
Sleep and psychosocial profiles
Sleep Quality (PSQI)
Sleep quality-Global
5.39
0.51
8.33
0.75
0.003
Sleep quality
0.61
0.15
1.30
0.29
0.03
Sleep latency
0.92
0.14
1.05
0.26
NS
Sleep duration
0.65
0.09
1.35
0.20
0.0005
Sleep efficiency
0.40
0.11
1.00
0.26
0.02
Sleep disturbance
1.24
0.07
1.67
0.11
0.003
Sleep medication use
0.22
0.06
0.55
0.21
0.04
Daytime dysfunction
1.29
0.10
1.65
0.15
0.06
Insomnia (PSQI > 5) (N, %)
21
38.18%
17
85.00%
0.0002
Average sleep duration in hours (Mean, SE)
7.10
0.15
6.18
0.25
0.002
Anxiety (STAI)
Trait
34.65
1.29
38.95
1.94
0.08
State
30.35
1.18
32.74
2.45
NS
Mood (POMS)
Total
8.96
4.26
23.89
9.47
0.09
Tension Anxiety
3.19
0.74
4.80
1.44
NS
Depression
7.09
1.10
11.50
2.82
0.08
Anger/hostility
5.27
0.70
8.26
2.47
NS
Vigor
16.87
0.93
13.55
1.30
0.06
Fatigue
8.28
0.90
10.35
1.45
NS
Confusion
1.76
0.60
2.80
1.17
NS
Perceived stress (PSS)
19.60
1.01
20.95
2.16
NS
Social support (DSSI)
Social interaction
8.75
0.53
10.05
0.72
NS
Social support
18.34
0.38
17.79
0.75
NS
Blood Pressure
Systolic (mmHg)
122.76
2.26
141.85
4.71
0.0001
Diastolic (mmHg)
71.35
1.22
78.75
2.57
0.005
Heart rate
64.82
1.28
66.65
2.62
NS
Anthropometrics
Waist girth (cm)
103.83
2.20
108.46
2.97
NS
Hip girth (cm)
110.26
1.51
113.58
1.43
NS
Body mass index (kg/m2)
31.56
0.96
33.31
1.29
NS
Prediabetic (fasting glucose 100–125 mg/dL)
21
38.18%
10
50.00%
NS
Serum ferritin levels (ng/mL)(Mean, SE)
84.72
8.43
81.00
10.50
NS
Low ferritin level (<50 ng/mL)
20
36.36%
6
30.00%
NS
Abbreviations. DSSI: Duke Social Support Index. NS: nonsignificant (). POMS: Profile of Mood States. PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. PSS: Perceived Stress Scale. SE: standard error of the mean. STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
