Aquatic Exercise Is Effective in Improving Exercise Performance in Patients with Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Muscle function before and after aquatic exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Knee extension in Biodex III. Isokinetic		Before (𝑛=10/10)	After (𝑛=8/9)	𝑃 value within the group	𝑃 value versus the control group
Peak torque (60°s Nm) right leg	T	122 ± 41	127 ± 34	ns	ns
	C	102 ± 30	98 ± 32	ns
Peak torque (180°s Nm) right leg	T	88 ± 28	119 ± 54	0.02	<0.001
	C	66 ± 22	64 ± 24	ns
Endurance decline in %, left leg	T	46 ± 17	44 ± 13	ns	ns
	C	51 ± 14	52 ± 16	ns
Isometric
Peak torque	T	136 ± 41	136 ± 40	ns	ns
60° (N) right leg	C	109 ± 37	101 ± 32	ns
Hand strength
Peak force (N)	T	342 ± 121	385 ± 106	ns	ns
Right hand	C	248 ± 82	221 ± 62	0.04
Peak force 10 s (N)	T	289 ± 108	323 ± 89	ns	ns
Right hand	C	207 ± 77	187 ± 62	ns
Clinical endurance tests
Heel lift (n.o)	T	14 ± 7	18 ± 6	0.01	0.01
	C	14 ± 4	14 ± 5	ns
Shoulder flexion (n.o)	T	26 ± 11*	36 ± 12	0.02	0.03
	C	17 ± 8	17 ± 28	ns
Shoulder abduction (s)	T	75 ± 25	89 ± 27	0.01	<0.001
	C	64 ± 26	56 ± 22	0.03

T: Training group, C: control group, ns: not significant, n.o.: number of, *: P ≤ 0.05 at baseline between training and control group.