Boesenbergia rotunda: From Ethnomedicine to Drug Discovery

Table 1

Bioactive compounds that were extracted from the leaves, stems, and rhizomes of B. rotunda.

Compounds	Isolated by
5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (pinostrobin); 5,7-Dihydroxyflavanone (pinocembrin); 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methoxychalcone (pinostrobin chalcone); 2′,4′-Dihydroxy-6-methoxychalcone (Cardamonin); Boesenbergin A	Jaipetch et al. [16]
5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (pinostrobin); 5,7-Dimethoxyflavanone; 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone; 5-Hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone; 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone; 5,7,4′-Trimethoxyflavone; 5,7,3′,4′-Tetramethoxyflavone; 5-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone; 5-Hydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone; 3,5,7-Trimethoxyflavone; 5-Hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone	Jaipetch et al. [17]
2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl-[3′-methyl-2′-(3^′′-methylbut-2^′′-enyl)-6′-phenylcyclohex-3′-enyl]methanone (panduratin A); Rubranine; Pinostrobin; Boesenbergin A	Tuntiwachwuttikul et al. [18]
Boesenbergin B; Panduratin A	Mahidol et al. [19]
3,5,7,3′,4′-Pentamethoxyflavone; 3,5,7,4′-Tetramethoxyflavone; 5-Hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavanone; 2′-Hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxychalcone; 2′-Hydroxy-4,4′,6′-trimethoxychalcone	Herunsalee et al, 1987 [20]
(±)-Panduratin B1; (±)-Panduratin B2	Pancharoen et al. [21]
Pinostrobin; Pinocembrin; Alpinetin; Panduratin A	Tip-Pyang et al. [22]
2′,4′,6′-Trihydroxychalcone (Pinocembrin chalcone); Cardamonin; Pinocembrin; 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone; (2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-[3′-methyl-2′-(3^′′-methylbut-2^′′-enyl)-6′-phenylcyclohex-3′-enyl]methanone (4-Hydroxypanduratin A); Panduratin A	Trakoontivakorn et al. [23]
Essential Oils
Camphor
Linalool
Camphene
𝛼-Pinene
𝛼-Terpineol
𝛼-Phellandrene
𝛾-Terpinene
Methyl 3-phenylpropionate
Geranyl formate
Geranyl propionate
Geraniol
Neral
Myrcene
Isoborneol
𝛽-Pinene
Neryl acetate
Geranial
𝛽-Thujaplicin
(E,E)-𝛼-Farnesene
Borneol	Jantan et al. [24]
Tricyclene
Terpinen-4-ol
Terpinolene
Myristicin
AlloOcimene
𝛼-Thujene
(Z)-𝛽-Ocimene
Sabinene
(E)-𝛽-Ocimene
(Z)-Nerolidol
cis-Linalool oxide
3-Carene
𝛿-Elemene
(Z)-𝛽-Farnesene
𝛾-Elemene
𝛽-Elemene
(−)-4-Hydroxypanduratin A; (−)-Panduratin A; 5,4′-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (sakuranetin); 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone; 5,7-Dihydroxyflavanone; Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain	Tuchinda et al. [25]
Pinostrobin; Pinocembrin; Alpinetin; Cardamonin	Tewtrakul et al. [26, 27]
Camphor; Geraniol; Methyl cinnamate; Geranial (E-citral)	Zaeoung et al. [28]
5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone
(−)-Panduratin A
5,7-Dihydroxyflavone	Shindo et al. [29]
Pinostrobin chalcone
Cardamonin
(−)-4-Hydroxypanduratin A
Panduratin C
Panduratin A
4-Hydroxypanduratin A	Cheenpracha et al. [30]
Helichrysetin
2′,4′,6′- Trihydroxydihydrochalcone (propiophenone)
Uvangoletin
Pinostrobin; Pinocembrin; Alpinetin; Cardamonin; Panduratin A; 4-Hydroxypanduratin A	Tan et al. [31]
(2S)-6-Geranylpinostrobin; Geranyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-phenethylbenzoate; 2′,4′-Dihydroxy-3′-(1^′′-geranyl)-6′-methoxychalcone; (1′R,2′S,6′R)-2-Hydroxyisopanduratin A; (2R)-8-Geranylpinostrobin; (±)-6-Methoxypanduratin A; (2S)-7,8-Dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4^′′-methyl-3^′′-pentenyl)-8-phenyl-2H, 6H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b^′]dipyran-6-one; (−)-Pinostrobin; Tectochrysin; 5,6-Dehydrokawain; Cardamonin; (−)-Alpinetin; Flavokawain C; (−)-7,4′-Dihydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone; (−)-6-Geranylpinocembrin; Boesenbergin A; Panduratin A; Boesenbergin B; (±)-Isopanduratin A1; (−)-Pinocembrin; (−)-4-Hydroxypanduratin A; Nicolaioidesin B; Panduratin C; Isopanduratin A2	Win et al. [32]
Pinostrobin; Pinocembrin; Alpinetin; Cardamonin; Boesenbergin A	Ching et al. 2007 [33]; Sukari et al. [34]
Prenylchalcones	Morikawa et al. [35]
(+)-Krachaizin A
(−)-Krachaizin A
(+)-Krachaizin B
(−)-Krachaizin B
(+)-Panduratin A
(−)-Panduratin A
(+)-4-Hydroxypanduratin A
(−)-4-Hydroxypanduratin A
(+)-Isopanduratin A
(−)-Isopanduratin A
Prenylflavonoids
Rotundaflavone Ia
Rotundaflavone Ib
Rotundaflavone iia
Rotundaflavone IIb
Flavanones and Others (12)
Pinostrobin
Pinocembrin
Alpinetin
7,4′-Dihydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone
5,7-Dihydroxy-8-geranylflavanone
7-Methoxy-5-hydroxy-8-geranylflavanone
Cardamonin
2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone
2,4-Dihydroxy-6-phenethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester
Geranyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-phenylbenzoate
5,6-Dehydrokawain
Geraniol
Essential oils	Sukari et al. [36]
Monoterpenes hydrocarbons
1,8-Cineole
trans-Ocimene
Neryl acetate
𝛽-Pinene
Oxygenated monoterpene derivatives
Borneol
𝛽-Citronellol
Camphor
Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-ol
Methyl-n-nonanoate
trans-Geraniol
2-Cyclohexyethylacetate
3′,4′-Dimethoxyacetophenone
Rosephenone
Terpinyl valerate
N-Hexyl angelate
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
trans-Caryophyllene
1,3-Tetradecadiene
Miscellaneous compounds
Guaiacol
N-Hexanal
2-Isopropyl-4,5-dimethyloxazole
trans-2-Hexanyl-n-propionate
Cyclohexyl-n-propionate
2-N-Pyroyl-4,5-dimethylthiazole
Ethyl benzoate
Guaiocol n-caproate
Geranyl benzoate
n-Butyl-n-pentadecanoate
n-Eicosane
Cinnamyl cinnamate
Panduratin B1
Panduratin B2
Panduratin D
Panduratin E	Win et al. [37]
Panduratin F
Panduratin G
Panduratin H
Panduratin I
Panduratin C
Panduratin A
Hydroxypanduratin A
Helichrysetin	Trewtrakul et al. 2009
Propiophenone
Uvangoletin
Cardamonin
Pinostrobin
Pinocembrin	Wangkangwan et al. [38]
Alpinetin
Polyphenols
Quercetin
Kaempferol
Naringin	Jing et al. [39]
Hesperidin
Caffeic acid
𝜌-Coumaric acid
Chlorogenic acid