|
Inhibition | Sources | References |
|
(1) Toxicity test | Rhizomes | Saraithong et al. [40] |
Charoensin et al. [41] |
|
(2) Antimicrobial activities | | |
(A) Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity | Rhizomes | Bhamarapravati et al. [42] |
Mahady et al. [43] |
(B) Pathogenic and spoilage bacteria inhibition activities
| Rhizomes | Pattaratanawadee et al. [44] |
Rukayadi et al. [45] |
(C) Antiamoebic activity for HIV patients | Rhizomes | Sawangjaroen et al. [46] |
|
(3) Antiparasitic activity | | |
Antigiardial activity | Rhizomes | Sawangjaroen et al. [47] |
|
(4) Oral infections | | |
(A) Inhibition of biofilm formation by oral pathogens | Rhizomes | Limsuwan and Voravuthikunchai, [48] |
Yanti et al. [49] |
(B) Antiperiodontitis activity of B. rotunda extract | | Yanti et al. [49, 50] |
(C) Inhibition of Candida albicans | Dried plant | Cheeptham and Towers, [51] |
Taweechaisupapong et al., [52] |
(D) Anticariogenic | Rhizomes | Hwang et al. [53, 54] |
(E) Candida adhesion inhibitor | Rhizomes | Sroisiri and Boonyanit, [55] |
(F) Antihalitosis | Rhizomes | Hwang et al. (patented) [56] |
|
(5) Inhibition of biofilm formation by intestinal pathogens | Rhizomes | Rukayadi et al. [57] |
|
(6) Antioxidant activities | | |
(A) Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in brain | Rhizomes | Shindo et al. [29] |
(B) Inhibition of oxidative damages by -butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)
| Rhizomes | Sohn et al. [58] |
|
(7) Antiulcer effect | Rhizomes | Abdelwahab et al. [59] |
|
(8) Obesity treatment | Rhizomes | Kim et al. [60] |
|
(9) Antimutagenic effect | Rhizomes | Trakoontivakorn et al. [23] |
|
(10) Antitumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-) | Rhizomes | Morikawa et al. [35] |
|
(11) Anticancer/antitumour | | |
(A) Breast cancer and colon cancer prevention | Roots and rhizomes | Kirana et al. [61] |
Zaeoung et al. [28] |
Kirana et al. [62] |
Ling et al. [63]
|
(B) Inhibition of prostate cancers | Rhizomes | Yun et al. [64] |
(C) Antilung cancer | Rhizomes | Cheah et al. [65] |
(D) Antileukemia | Rhizomes | Sukari et al. [34] |
|
(12) Antifungal activities | | |
(A) Antifungal activities against AIDS-related fungal infections | Rhizomes | Phongpaichit et al. [66] |
(B) Inhibition of spoilage and aflatoxin producing fungi
| Rhizomes | Pattaratanawadee et al. [44] |
|
(13) Inhibition of Ca2+ signal in yeast model | Rhizomes | Wangkangwan et al. [67] |
|
(14) Antiviral activities | | |
(A) Anti-HIV-1 protease activity | Rhizomes | Tewtrakul et al. [26, 27] |
Cheenpracha et al. [30] |
(B) Inhibition of dengue NS2B/NS3 protease | Rhizomes |
Tan et al. 2006 |
(C) Antifoot and mouth disease virus | Rhizomes | Chungsamarnyart et al. [68] |
|
(15) Anti-inflammatory | | |
(A) TPA-induced ear oedema | Rhizomes | Tuchinda et al. [25] |
(B) Inflammation by nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) | Rhizomes | Tewtrakul et al. [69] |
(C) Anti-inflammation effect caused by | Rhizomes (powder) | Boonjaraspinyo et al. [70] |
|
(16) Inhibition of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding effect | Rhizomes | Jantan et al. [71] |
|