Curcumin-Induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma J5 Cells: Critical Role of Ca⁺²-Dependent Pathway

Figure 2

Flow cytometric analysis of Ca²⁺ concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_m), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in J5 cells treated with curcumin. 5 × 10⁵ J5 cells/well in 12-well plates were incubated with 25 μM curcumin for different time periods. (a) The release of Ca²⁺ as a function of time. (b) Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_m) assay. (c) Changes of ROS production as a function of time. Each data point is the mean ± SE of three experiments. *𝑃<0.05  and **𝑃<0.01 are significantly different from that of the control.

(a)

(b)

(c)