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Year | References | Ginger preparation | Dosage and administration route | Animal model | Experiment duration | Outcomes | Conclusion |
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2010 | Antihypercholesterolaemic effect of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) in rats Elrokh et al. [53] | Aqueous extract | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. | Hypercholesterolaemic rat | 4 week | Serum cholesterol↓ Triglyceride↓ LDL-c↓ HDL-c↑ TC/HDL-c (risk ratio)↓ | Significant decrease in all lipid profile parameters, improved risk ratio |
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2009 | Protective effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome on the development of metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed rats Nammi et al. [18] | Ethanolic extract | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. | High-fat diet fed rats | 6 weeks | Body weight↓ Serum glucose↓ Insulin level↓ Total cholesterol↓ LDL-c↓ Cholesterol↓ Triglycerides↓ Free fatty acid↓ Phospholipids↓ | Provides scientific evidence to substantiate the traditional use of ginger in preventing metabolic disorders |
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2009 | Upregulation of mRNA of retinoid-binding protein and fatty acid-binding protein by cholesterol-enriched diet and effect of ginger on lipid metabolism Matsuda et al. [54] | Ginger powder | 0.5 g/rat/day in diet | Hypercholesterolemic rats | 84 days | Liver retinoid-binding protein mRNA↓ Visceral fat↓ | May improve lipid metabolism |
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2007 | Effect of an herbal extract Number Ten (NT) on body weight in rats York et al. [55] | Polyherbal aqueous extract (6-7% ginger) | 0.75 and 1.5 g/day p.o. | High-fat diet-fed rat | 56 days | Body weight gain↓ Food intake↓ Body fat ratio↓ No difference of serum leptin, metabolites and organ weights (kidney, spleen, liver, and gastrocnemius muscle) | Demonstrated the efficacy in reducing weight gain in rodents |
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2006 | Beneficial effects of Zingiber officinale on gold thioglucose induced obesity Goyal and Kadnur [56] | Methanolic and ethanolic ginger extracts | 250 mg/kg p.o. | Goldthioglucose-induced obese mice | 8 weeks | Body weight↓ Serum glucose↓ Serum insulin↓ Serum lipid↓ | Indicates improvement of insulin sensitivity |
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2005 | Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats Bhandari et al. [57] | Fresh ginger ethanolic extract | 200 mg/kg p.o. | STZ-induced diabetic rat | 20 days | Serum total cholesterol ↓ HDL-c↑ LDL- and VLDL-c↓ Serum tryglyceride↓ Phospholipid↓ Blood glucose↓ Liver and pancreas lipid peroxidation↓ | Protects tissues from lipid peroxidation, significant lipid lowering activity |
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2005 | Antiobesity actions of Zingiber officinale Roscoe Han et al. [58] | Aqueous ginger extract | 1 and 3% in diet | High-fat diet-fed mice | 8 weeks | In vitro pancreatic lipase activity↓ Body weight↓ Parametrial adipose tissue weight↓ | Antiobesity effect may be partially due to the inhibition of intestinal absorption of dietary fat |
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2001 | Differential effect of polyherbal, antiobesity preparation OB-200G in male and female mice and monosodium glutamate-treated rats Kaur and Kulkarni [59] | OB-200G, a polyherbal preparation (containing 5% ginger aqueous extract) | 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg p.o. twice daily | Male and female Laca mice | 21 days
| Lower dose (0.25 g/kg): food intake↑ Higher doses: in female mice Food intake in female rats↓ | Gender differences involved in mediating antiobesity effect |
0.5 g/kg p.o. | MSG-treated male and female rats | 40 days | Body weight↓ Fat pad weights↓ Serum glucose ↑ Ambulatory activity↑ |
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2001 | Investigations on possible serotonergic involvement in effects of OB-200G (polyherbal preparation) on food intake in female mice Kaur and Kulkarni [60] | OB-200G, a polyherbal preparation (containing 5% ginger aqueous extract) | 0.5 g/kg (contains ginger aqueous extract 5%) p.o. | Female albino mice of Laca strain with induced hyperphagia | 4 hours | Food intake↓ | Serotonin is involved in the effect of OB-200G mediated food intake. |
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2000 | Ginger extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL oxidation and attenuates development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice Fuhrman et al. [61] | Standardized ginger ethanolic extract (containing 40 mg/g pungent compounds, 90 mg/g polyphenols and 14 μL/g essential oils) | 25 and 250 μg/day p.o. | Apolipoprotein E-deficient (E0) mice | 10 weeks | Plasma cholesterol↓ Triglyceride↓ VLDL & LDL↓ Cellular cholesterol Biosynthesis↓ LDL oxidation and aggregation↓ LDL-associated lipid Peroxides↓ | Significant attenuation of the development of atherosclerotic lesions |
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2000 | Antiobesity effect of a polyherbal formulation, OB-200G in female rats fed on cafeteria and atherogenic diets Kaur and Kulkarni [62]
| OB-200G, A polyherbal preparation (containing 5% ginger aqueous extract) | 400 mg/kg, p.o. twice a day | Female Wistar rats fed with cafeteria and atherogenic diets | 40 days | Body weight↓ Body temperature↑ Locomotor activities↑ Serum glucose level↑ Cholesterol↓ (atherogenic diet) | Exhibited antiobesity effect |
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1998 | The protective action of ethanolic ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in cholesterol fed rabbits Bhandari et al. [63] | Ginger ethanolic extract | 200 mg/kg p.o. | Hypercholesterolemic rabbit | 10 weeks | Serum total cholesterol↓ Serum triglyceride↓ Serum phospholipid↓ HDL-c↑ LDL- and VLDL-c↓ Liver and aorta cholesterol ↓ | Indicate ginger is an antihyperlipidemic agent |
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1993 | Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory component from Zingiber officinale Roscoe Tanabe et al. [64] | Compound (E)-8β, 17-epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16-dial (ZT) isolated from ginger | 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o. | Triton WR-1339-induced hypercholesterolemic mice | | Serum cholesterol (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg)↓ Cholesterol biosynthesis in liver↓ | Compound ZT has an inhibitory effect on cholesterol biosynthesis |
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