(a) Study Outcome measure Internal consistency (Cronbach α )
SEM (Baseline SD × √ 1 − Cronbach α )
Baseline 0.5 SD
Baseline Mean (SD)
Within-Groups Mean Difference (95% CI)
Within-Groups Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI) Between Groups Mean Difference (95% CI) Between Groups Effect size—Hedges’ g (95% CI) Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control
Chandwani et al., 2010 [10 ] SF36 PCS 41.50 41.8 1.60 −2.80 0.18 −0.27 4.40 0.46 (Physical)
.90
2.60
3.40
4.10
5.30 (8.20) (10.6) [−1.74, 4.94] [−6.35, 0.75] [−0.19, 0.54] [−0.62, 0.08] [−0.52, 9.32]c [−0.06, 0.97] SF36 MCS 47.80 48.0 1.90 1.90 0.17 0.18 0.00 0.00 (Mental)
.90
3.80
3.50
6.00
5.60 (12.00) (11.1) [−2.16, 5.96] [−1.76, 5.56] [−0.19, 0.54] [−0.17, 0.52] [−5.45, 5.45] [−0.51, 0.51]
Culos-Reed et al., 2006 [12 ] EORTC-QoL 64.58 62.04 13.66 0.46 0.56 0.03 13.20 0.67 (Overall)
.89
8.50
4.26
12.82
6.43 (25.63) (12.85) [2.85, 24.47]ab [−6.16, 7.08] [0.08, 1.04]* [−0.41, 0.47] [0.52, 25.88]cd [0.01, 1.32]* EORTC-Emo 79.58 75.00 4.22 −4.17 0.23 −0.25 8.39 0.48 (Emotional)
.80
9.01
6.64
10.07
7.43 (20.14) (14.85) [−4.05, 12.49] [−11.57, 3.23] [−0.22, 0.67] [−0.70, 0.20] [−2.71, 19.49]cd [−0.16, 1.13]
Danhauer et al., 2009 [13 ] FACT-B 104.90 101.1 9.90 −2.70 0.48 −0.09 12.6 0.49 (Overall)
.90
6.30
7.70
10.00
12.20 (19.90) (24.4) [−0.71, 20.51]a [−17.80, 12.40] [−0.06, 1.02] [−0.58, 0.41] [−6.12, 31.32]cd [−0.25, 1.24] FACT-SWB 23.30 21.4 −0.20 −1.00 −0.04 −0.15 0.80 0.14 (Social)
.69
2.60
3.00
2.60
2.70 (4.70) (5.4) [−2.84, 2.44] [−4.26, 2.26] [−0.55, 0.47] [−0.65, 0.35] [−3.43, 5.03] [−0.60, 0.87] FACT-FWB 18.70 18.0 3.20 −0.60 0.57 −0.08 3.80 0.58 (Functional)
.86
2.60
3.10
2.90
3.50 (5.70) (6.9) [0.33, 6.07]ab [−4.38, 3.18] [0.01, 1.12]* [−0.57, 0.42] [−1.00, 8.60]cd [−0.17, 1.34] FACT-EWB 18.10 18.5 2.70 −0.30 0.70 −0.05 3.00 0.61 (Emotional)
.69
2.00
2.70
2.00
2.60 (3.90) (5.2) [0.74, 4.66]ab [−3.29, 2.69] [0.13, 1.28]* [−0.54, 0.44] [−0.63, 6.63]cd [−0.15, 1.35] FACT-PWB 19.70 20.7 2.80 0.40 0.36 0.07 2.40 0.36 (Physical)
.81
3.00
2.20
3.50
2.60 (7.00) (5.1) [−1.18, 6.78] [−2.44, 3.24] [−0.17, 0.89] [−0.42, 0.56] [−2.44, 7.24]c [−0.38, 1.10] SF-12 PCS 42.70 40.6 2.10 2.10 0.16 0.18 0.00 0.00 (Physical)
.86
4.50
3.80
6.1 0
5.10 (12.10) (10.1) [−4.56, 8.76] [−3.68, 7.88] [−0.35, 0.67] [−0.32, 0.68] [−8.79, 8.79] [−0.73.0.73] SF-12 MCS 43.40 49.9 8.80 −2.40 0.93 −0.18 11.20 1.00 (Mental)
.81
4.40
4.50
5.10
5.10 (10.10) (10.2) [3.97, 13.63]ab [−8.90, 4.10] [0.30, 1.55]** [−0.68, 0.31] [3.01, 19.39]cd [0.22, 1.78]**
Littman et al., 2011 [14 ] FACT-B 89.00 87.8 1.30 −0.10 0.12 −0.01 1.40 0.11 (Overall)
.90
2.97
4.49
4.70
7.10 (9.40) (14.2) [−2.58, 5.18] [−5.61, 5.41] [−0.24, 0.49] [−0.37, 0.36] [−5.34, 8.14] [−0.42, 0.64] FACT-SWB 21.70 21.7 0.40 −0.80 0.08 −0.14 1.20 0.22 (Social)
.69
2.84
3.01
2.60
2.70 (5.10) (5.4) [−1.51, 2.31] [−2.96, 1.40] [−0.29, 0.44] [−0.50, 0.23] [−1.68, 4.08] [−0.31, 0.75] FACT-FWB 22.70 21.6 −0.10 0.10 −0.03 0.02 0.20 0.05 (Functional)
.86
1.23
1.46
1.70
2.60 (3.30) (5.1) [−1.47, 1.27] [−1.75, 1.95] [−0.39, 0.34] [−0.35, 0.39] [−2.11, 2.51] [−0.50, 0.57] FACT-EWB 19.80 20.3 0.50 0.50 0.14 0.17 0.00 0.00 (Emotional)
.69
1.56
1.45
1.40
1.30 (2.80) (2.6) [−0.84, 1.84] [−0.59, 1.59] [−0.23, 0.51] [−0.20, 0.54] [−1.73, 1.73] [−0.53, −0.53] FACT-PWB 24.70 24.2 0.70 0.10 0.33 0.02 0.60 0.18 (Physical)
.81
1.00
1.7 0
1.20
2.00 (2.30) (3.9) [−0.08, 1.48] [−1.47, 1.67] [−0.05, 0.71] [−0.34, 0.39] [−1.16, 2.36] [−0.35, 0.71]
Moadel et al., 2007 [15 ] FACT-G 76.53 77.54 1.54 −7.16 0.09 −0.30 8.70 0.43 (Overall)
.89
5.96
8.11
8.99
12.23 (17.98) (24.45) [−3.60, 6.68] [−16.25, 1.93] [−0.20, 0.37] [−0.68, 0.09] [−0.96, 18.36]c [−0.05, 0.91] FACT-SWB 20.98 22.12 −0.30 −3.95 −0.05 −0.60 3.65 0.60 (Social)
.69
3.47
3.46
3.12
3.11 (6.23) (6.22) [−1.99, 1.39] [−6.41, −1.49]ab [−0.34, 0.24] [−1.00, −0.19]** [0.75, 6.56]cd [0.11, 1.09]* FACT-FWB 18.33 18.19 −0.16 −1.98 −0.02 −0.26 1.82 0.26 (Functional)
.80
2.85
3.45
3.19
3.86 (6.38) (7.72) [−2.08, 1.76] [−4.88, 0.92] [−0.31, 0.26] [−0.63, 0.12] [−1.53, 5.17] [−0.22, 0.74] FACT-EWB 16.36 16.50 1.83 −0.41 0.40 −0.07 2.24 0.44 (Emotional)
.74
2.43
3.03
2.39
2.97 (4.77) (5.94) [0.51, 3.14]** [−2.65, 1.83] [0.10, 0.70]** [0.44, 0.31] [−0.19, 4.67] [−0.05, 0.92] FACT-PWB 20.87 20.73 0.16 −0.82 0.03 −0.12 0.98 0.16 (Physical)
.82
2.24
2.98
2.64
3.52 (5.28) (7.03) [−1.51, 1.83] [−3.39, 1.75] [−0.26, 0.32] [−0.49, 0.26] [−1.96, 3.91] [−0.32, 0.64]
Vadiraja et al., 2009 [16 ] EORTC-Phys 73.20 62.72 0.06 6.24 0.00 0.20 6.18 0.23 (Physical)
.71
12.49
16.68
11.60
15.49 (23.20) (30.98) [−7.30, 7.42] [−4.19, 16.66] [−0.29, 0.30] [−0.14, 0.54] [−6.24, 18.60] [−0.23, 0.68] EORTC-Role 72.72 71.59 7.16 1.26 0.20 0.03 5.90 0.16 (Role)
.52
24.15
25.22
17.43
18.20 (34.86) (36.40) [−3.32, 17.64] [−11.81, 14.33] [−0.10, 0.50] [−0.30, 0.37] [−10.64, 22.44] [−0.29, 0.61] EORTC-Emo (Emotional) 56.45 51.58 18.67 7.65 0.89 0.36 11.02 0.53
.80
8.84
7.80
9.89
8.72 (19.77) (17.44) [12.47, 24.87]ab [0.48, 14.82] [0.54, 1.25]*** [−0.01, 0.70]* [1.57, 20.47]cd [0.07, 0.99]* EORTC-Cog 85.29 82.67 5.28 −1.90 0.30 −0.08 7.18 0.36 (Cognitive)
.73
9.35
10.97
9.00
10.56 (18.00) (21.12) [0.13, 10.43] [−9.66, 5.86] [0.00, 0.61]* [−0.42, 0.25] [−1.83, 16.19] [−0.10, 0.82] EORTC-Soc 52.82 52.41 2.14 −2.48 0.08 −0.10 4.62 0.18 (Social)
.77
12.73
11.72
13.28
12.22 (26.55) (24.43) [−5.53, 9.81] [−10.78, 5.82] [−0.22, 0.38] [−0.43, 0.23] [−6.74, 15.98] [−0.27, 0.64]
(b) Study Outcome measure Internal consistency (Cronbach α )
SEM (Baseline SD × √ 1 − Cronbach α )
Baseline 0.5 SD
Baseline Mean (SD)
Within-Groups Mean Difference (95% CI)
Within-Groups Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI) Between Groups Mean Difference (95% CI) Between Groups Effect size—Hedges’ g (95% CI) Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control
Chandwani et al., 2010 [10 ] CES-D 20 11.60 10.50 −5.00 −3.50 −0.48 −0.32 −1.50 −0.14 (Depression)
.87
3.35
2.42
4.65
3.35 (9.30) (6.70) [−8.85, −1.15]ab [−7.23, 0.24]a [−0.86, −0.09]* [−0.67, 0.03] [−6.87, 3.87] [−0.65, 0.37] STAI-State 36.30 32.70 −8.30 −2.50 −0.63 −0.20 −5.80 −0.46 (Anxiety)
.94
3.36
2.45
6.85
5.00 (13.70) (10.00) [−13.09, −3.51]ab [−6.75, 1.75]a [−1.04, −0.23]** [−0.55, 0.15] [−12.18, 0.58]cd [−0.98, 0.05]
Cohen et al., 2004 [11 ] CES-D 20 10.20 9.60 −1.20 .10 −0.12 0.01 −1.30 −0.15 (Depression)
.93
2.91
2.27
5.50
4.29 (11.00) (8.57) [−5.91, 3.51] [−3.79, 4.00] [−0.58, 0.35] [−0.48, 0.51] [−7.52, 4.92] [−0.85, 0.55] STAI-State 34.30 37.80 −0.20 −4.00 −0.02 −0.30 −3.80 −0.31 (Anxiety)
.95
2.75
3.26
6.15
7.30 (12.30) (14.60) [−5.54, 5.14] [−10.65, 2.65]a [−0.48, 0.45] [−0.80, 0.21] [−12.24, 4.64]c [−1.02, 0.39]
Culos-Reed et al., 2006 [12 ] POMS-D 4.70 5.44 −2.48 0.06 −0.34 0.01 −2.54 −0.39 (Depression)
.95
1.76
1.14
3.93
2.55 (7.86) (5.10) [−5.68, 0.72]a [−2.54, 2.66] [−0.80, 0.11] [−0.43, 0.45] [−6.66, 1.58]c [−1.04, 0.25]
Danhauer et al., 2009 [13 ] CES-D 20 16.30 16.60 −8.20 1.20 −0.82 0.07 −9.40 −0.69 (Depression)
.93
2.57
3.89
4.85
7.35 (9.70) (14.70) [−13.27, −3.17]ab [−7.14, 9.54] [−1.42, −0.22]** [−0.42, 0.57] [−19.34, 0.54]cd [−1.45, 0.06] PANAS-P 32.70 30.60 5.50 1.20 0.64 0.11 4.30 0.45 (Positive Affect)
.87
3.17
3.53
4.40
4.90 (8.80) (9.80) [1.16, 9.84]ab [−4.21, 6.61] [0.08, 1.21]* [−0.39, 0.60] [−2.71, 11.31]c [−0.29, 1.19] PANAS-N 19.00 18.50 −5.00 1.40 −0.65 0.14 −6.40 −0.73 (Negative Affect)
.87
2.99
3.39
4.15
4.70 (8.30) (9.40) [−8.91, −1.09]ab [−3.63, 6.43] [−1.22, 0.08]* [−0.36, 0.63] [−12.84, 0.04]cd [−1.49, 0.03] FACIT-Sp 23.30 23.20 2.70 −1.70 0.38 −0.19 4.40 0.56 (Spiritual Well-Being)
.87
2.38
2.60
3.30
3.60 (6.60) (7.20) [−0.92, 6.31]a [−6.16, 2.76] [−0.15, 0.91] [−0.69, 0.31] [−1.40, 10.20]cd [−0.19, 1.30]
Moadel et al., 2007 [15 ] FACIT-Sp 37.87 34.58 −1.02 −1.83 −0.11 −0.15 0.81 0.08 (Spiritual Well-Being)
.87
3.33
3.99
4.62
5.53 (9.24) (11.06) [−3.59, 1.55] [−6.49, 2.83] [−0.40, 0.17] [−0.52, 0.23] [−4.08, 5.70] [−0.40, 0.56]
Vadiraja et al., 2009 [16 ] PANAS-P 24.05 21.81 3.80 1.52 0.52 0.19 2.28 0.30 (Positive Affect)
.87
2.62
2.66
3.64
3.69 (7.28) (7.37) [1.62, 5.98]ab [−1.17, 4.21] [0.20, 0.84]*** [−0.15, 0.53] [−1.14, 5.70] [−0.15, 0.76] PANAS-N 22.15 25.22 −9.24 −3.37 −0.86 −0.33 −5.87 −0.57 (Negative Affect)
.87
3.82
3.18
5.30
4.41 (10.60) (8.82) [−12.41, −6.074]ab [−6.78, 0.04]a [−1.21, −0.51]*** [−0.67, 0.01] [−10.56, −1.18]cd [−1.03, −0.11]*
Vadiraja et al., 2009b [17 ] HADS-A 8.05 9.35 −3.17 −1.23 −0.86 −0.31 −1.94 −0.51 (Anxiety)
.79
1.77
1.82
1.94
1.99 (3.87) (3.98) [−4.27, −2.07]ab [−2.56, 0.10] [−1.21, −0.51]*** [−0.65, 0.03] [−3.65, −0.23]c [−0.97, −0.05]* HADS-D 7.57 8.00 −3.43 −1.47 −0.89 −0.40 −1.96 −0.52 (Depression)
.87
1.45
1.25
2.01
1.74 (4.02) (3.47) [−4.57, −2.29]ab [−2.71, −0.23]a [−1.25, −0.54]*** [−0.74, −0.05]* [−3.65.−0.27]cd [−0.98, −0.06]*
(c) Study Outcome measure Internal consistency (Cronbach α )
SEM
Baseline SD × √ 1 − Cronbach’s α )
Baseline SD 0.5
Baseline Mean (SD)
Within-Groups Mean Difference (95% CI)
Within-Groups Effect size—Hedges’ g (95% CI) Between Groups Mean Difference (95% CI) Between Groups Effect size—Hedges’ g (95% CI) Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control Yoga Control
Chandwani et al., 2010 [10 ] BFI 2.30 2.30 −0.40 0.20 −0.12 0.05 −0.60 −0.17 (Fatigue)
.94
0.39
0.54
0.80
1.10 (1.60) (2.20) [−1.58, 0.78]a [−1.17, 1.57] [−0.49, 0.24] [−0.29, 0.39] [−2.44, 1.24]c [−0.68, 0.34] PSQI 7.30 7.10 −0.70 −0.40 −0.15 −0.08 −0.30 −0.06 (Sleep)
.84
1.52
1.56
1.90
1.95 (3.80) (3.90) [−2.46, 1.06] [−2.15, 1.35] [−0.51, 0.22] [−0.42, 0.27] [−2.79, 2.19] [−0.57, 0.45]
Cohen et al., 2004 [11 ] BFI 3.10 2.80 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.15 −0.30 −0.14 (Fatigue)
.96
0.48
0.44
1.20
1.10 (2.40) (2.20) [−1.03, 1.03] [−0.72, 1.32] [−0.47, 0.47] [−0.35, 0.64] [−1.76, 1.16] [−0.84, 0.56] PSQI 6.50 7.20 −0.70 0.90 −0.16 0.21 −1.60 −0.37 (Sleep)
.84
2.00
1.88
2.50
2.35 (5.00) (4.70) [−2.82, 1.42] [−1.23, 3.03] [−0.62, 0.32] [−0.29, 0.71] [−4.62, 1.42] [−1.07, 0.34]
Danhauer et al., 2009 [13 ] FACT- F 30.10 32.70 9.70 −0.10 0.72 −0.01 9.80 0.71 (Fatigue)
.95
3.00
2.64
6.70
5.90 (13.40) (11.80) [2.87, 16.53]ab [−7.45, 7.25] [0.14, 1.30]* [−0.50, 0.49] [−0.27, 19.87]cd [−0.04, 1.47] PSQI 8.30 8.60 −2.20 −1.60 −0.46 −0.31 −0.60 −0.12 (Sleep)
.84
1.88
2.12
2.35
2.65 (4.70) (5.30) [−4.65, 0.25]a [−4.14, 0.94] [−1.00, 0.08] [−0.81, 0.20] [−4.14, 2.94] [−0.86, 0.61]
Littman et al., 2011 [14 ] FACT-F 43.10 43.20 1.9 −0.10 0.33 −0.01 2.00 0.25 (Fatigue)
.95
1.30
1.90
2.90
4.25 (5.8) (8.50) [−0.20, 4.00]a [−3.69, 3.49] [−0.05, 0.71] [−0.38, 0.36] [−2.16, 6.16]c [−0.27, 0.78]
Moadel et al., 2007 [15 ] FACT-F 34.27 35.88 2.29 −1.11 0.19 −0.08 3.40 0.27 (Fatigue)
.95
2.75
3.22
6.16
7.21 (12.31) (14.42) [−1.11, 5.69] [−6.50, 4.30] [−0.10, 0.48] [−0.45, 0.30] [−2.66, 9.46]c [−0.21, 0.75]
(d) Study Outcome measure Internal consistency (Cronbach α ) SEM (Baseline SD × √ 1 − Cronbach’s α ) Baseline 0.5 SD Baseline mean (SD) Within-Groups mean difference (95% CI) Within-Groups Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
Bower et al., 2011 [18 ] SF36 Gen Health 50.50 14.50 0.61 (Overall)
.81
9.63
11.05 (22.10) [1.44, 27.56]ab [0.00, 1.21]*
Danhauer et al., 2008 [19 ] FACT-G 75.90 3.50 0.32 (Overall)
.89
3.55
5.35 (10.70) [0.33, 6.67] [0.02, 0.63]* FACT-SWB 24.00 0.80 0.18 (Social)
.69
2.39
2.15 (4.30) [−0.53, 2.13] [−0.12, 0.47] FACT-FWB 18.00 0.80 0.19 (Functional)
.80
1.92
2.15 (4.30) [−0.44, 2.04] [−0.11, 0.49] FACT-EWB 14.00 −0.20 −0.10 (Emotional)
.74
1.07
1.05 (2.10) [−0.81, 0.41] [−0.39, 0.20] FACT-PWB 20.00 2.10 0.38 (Physical)
.82
2.42
2.85 (5.70) [0.47, 3.73] [0.07, 0.68]* SF12 PCS 41.20 2.30 0.21 (Physical)
.86
4.27
5.70 (11.40) [−0.98, 5.58] [−0.09, 0.50] SF12 MCS 48.40 3.60 0.41 (Mental)
.81
3.75
4.30 (8.60) [1.04, 6.16] [0.11, 0.72]**
Duncan et al., 2008 [20 ] FACT-G 64.6 10.63 0.69 (Overall)
.89
4.70
7.30 (14.16) [4.44, 16.82]ab [0.24, 1.14]**
Galantino et al., 2011 [21 ] FACT-B 89.33 16.72 0.81 (Overall)
.90
6.38
10.09 (20.18) [−5.07, 28.37]ab [0.14, 1.48]*
Speed-Andrews et al., 2010 [22 ] FACT-B 108.20 8.90 0.39 (Overall)
.90
6.67
10.55 (21.10) [−1.51, 19.31]a [−0.08, 0.86] FACT-SWB 20.70 0.70 0.13 (Social)
.69
2.95
2.65 (5.30) [−1.84, 3.24] [−0.33, 0.58] FACT-FWB 19.90 1.80 0.39 (Functional)
.86
1.83
2.45 (4.90) [−0.29, 3.89] [−0.08, 0.86] FACT-EWB 15.80 2.10 0.39 (Emotional)
.69
2.67
2.40 (4.80) [−0.37, 4.57] [−0.09, 0.86] FACT-PWB 20.90 2.00 0.38 (Physical)
.81
2.31
2.65 (5.30) [−0.37, 4.37] [−0.09, 0.85] SF-36 PCS 45.50 3.70 0.32 (Physical)
.90
3.38
5.35 (10.70) [−1.41, 8.81]a [−0.14, 0.79] SF-36 MCS 44.40 4.20 0.45 (Mental)
.90
2.85
4.50 (9.00) [−0.01, 8.41]a [−0.03, 0.93]
Ülger and Yağlı, 2010 [23 ] NHP-Total 103.23 −17.32 −0.77 (Overall)
.70
12.64
11.54 (23.08) [−26.70, −7.94]ab [−1.26, −0.29]** NHP-Social 43.01 −20.56 −0.74 (Social)
.56
20.01
15.08 (30.16) [−32.24, −8.88]ab [−1.22, −0.26]** NHP-Emotion 61.37 −26.61 −1.15 (Emotional)
.83
9.68
11.74 (23.47) [−36.35, −16.87]ab [−1.70, −0.60]*** NHP-Physical 44.51 −20.41 −0.92 (Physical)
.72
11.86
11.21 (22.41) [−29.77, −11.05]ab [−1.43, −0.41]***
(e) Study Outcome measure Internal consistency (Cronbach α ) SEM (T1 SD × √ 1 − Cronbach’s α ) Baseline 0.5 SD Baseline mean (SD) Within-Groups mean Difference (95% CI) Within-Groups Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
Bower et al., 2011 [18 ] BDI 15.40 −7.90 −1.00 (Depression)
.81
3.49
4.00 (8.00) [−12.20, −3.60]ab [−1.69, −0.32]**
Danhauer et al., 2008 [19 ] CES-D 20 12.30 −3.10 −0.36 (Depression)
.93
2.27
4.30 (8.60) [−5.66, −0.54]a [−0.66, −0.05]* STAI-State 34.20 −2.40 −0.22 (Anxiety)
.95
2.39
5.35 (10.70) [−5.57, 0.77]a [−0.52, 0.08] PANAS-P 34.70 1.50 0.17 (Positive Affect)
.87
3.10
4.30 (8.60) [−1.06, 4.06] [−0.12, 0.47] PANAS-N 15.80 −1.70 −0.35 (Negative Affect)
.87
1.80
2.50 (5.00) [−3.14, −0.26] [−0.65, −0.04]* FACIT-Sp 38.70 1.40 0.19 (Spiritual Well-Being)
.87
2.56
3.55 (7.10) [−0.74, 3.54] [−0.10, 0.49]
Duncan et al., 2008 [20 ] FACIT-Sp 30.83 5.88 0.60 (Spiritual Well-Being)
.87
3.65
5.07 (10.13) [1.93, 9.83]ab [0.16, 1.04]**
Speed-Andrews et al., 2010 [22 ] CES-D 10 31.00 −0.20 −0.34 (Depression)
.85
0.23
0.30 (0.60) [−0.47, 0.07] [−0.81, 0.13] STAI-State 45.20 1.80 0.25 (Anxiety)
.85
2.59
3.35 (6.70) [−1.48, 5.08] [−0.21, 0.71]
Ülger and Yağlı, 2010 [23 ] STAI-State 55.05 −11.70 −1.51 (Anxiety)
.95
1.75
3.92 (7.83) [−14.96, −8.44]ab [−2.14, −0.88]***
(f) Study Outcome measure Internal consistency (Cronbach α ) SEM (Baseline SD × √ 1 − Cronbach’s α ) Baseline 0.5 SD Baseline mean (SD) Within-Groups mean difference (95% CI) Within-Groups Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
Bower et al., 2011 [18 ] FSI Average 6.3 −3.6 −2.34 (Fatigue)
.97
0.19
0.55 (1.1) [−4.44, −2.76]ab [−3.47, −1.22]*** PSQI 7.1 −0.7 −0.17 (Sleep)
.84
1.64
2.05 (4.1) [−2.99, 1.59] [−0.72, 0.38]
Danhauer et al., 2008 [19 ] FACT-F 34.6 2.7 0.22 (Fatigue)
.95
2.71
6.05 (12.1) [−0.83, 6.27]a [−0.08, 0.52]
Ülger and Yağlı, 2010 [23 ] NHP-S 43.50 −23.47 −0.88 (Sleep)
.72
15.64
14.78 (29.55) [−34.69, −12.25]ab [−1.38, −0.38]***
*
, **
, ***
(Reported between group
values).
a Within-Group mean difference exceeds 1 SEM.
b Within-Group mean difference exceeds Baseline 0.5 SD.
c Between-Group mean exceeds control group 1 SEM.
d Between-Group mean exceeds control group Baseline 0.5 SD. Abbreviations—α : alpha; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; SF-36 and SF-12: Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey; EORTC QLQ C30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life C30; FACT-B: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast; FACT-G: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General; NHP: Nottingham Health Profile; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D 20: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-20 Item; STAI: State/Trait Anxiety Inventory; POMS: Profile of Mood States; PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; FACIT-Sp: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; BFI: Brief Fatigue Inventory; FSI: Fatigue Symptom Inventory; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; FACT-F: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue.