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| Reference | Study type/comments | Summary of main changes in metabolic indices |
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| Noriega et al. (1993) [44] | Assessed glycemic and insulin indices in healthy subjects using 50 g available carbohydrate portions | ↔Blood glucose, ↔insulin response |
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| Hagiwara et al. (2004) [45] | Assessed changes in various metabolic indices in diabetic rats (fasting blood glucose of >300 mg/dL) induced through i.p. injection of 65 mg/kg body weight of STZ dissolved in 100 mmol/L sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5 | ↓Blood glucose, ↓PAI-1, and ↓lipid peroxidation |
|
| Morita et al. (2004) [46] | Assessed effects of WR and GBR + WR (1 : 1, w/w) in 67 healthy volunteers (aged 71 ± 8) over 11–13 months | ↓HbA1c, ↔BMI, ↔blood pressure, ↔lipid profile, ↔kidney and liver functions, ↔blood glucose, and ↔insulin response |
|
| Ito et al. (2005) [47] | Assessed glycemic and insulin responses over 120 min in 2 studies using 19 (12 male, 7 females, age 23–41 years, body mass index 15.4–28.8 kg/m2) and 13 (5 males, 8 females, age 25–32, body mass index 15.4–25.6 kg/m2) healthy subjects. Intervention compared 50 g available carbohydrate portion of GBR, BR, and WR | ↓Blood glucose, ↓insulin response |
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| Seki et al. (2005) [48] | Assessed glycemic and insulin indices of WR and GBR in normal Wistar rats over 120 min | ↓Blood glucose, ↓insulin response |
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| Miura et al. (2006) [49] | Assessed effect of GBR on hypercholesterolemia in hepatoma bearing rats for 19 d | ↓Total cholesterol |
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| Usuki et al. (2007) [50] | Assessed effect of GBR on diabetic rats (fasting blood glucose of >400 mg/dL) induced through i.p. injection of 65 mg/kg body weight of STZ dissolved in 100 mmol/L sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5, and effect of acylated steryl glycoside on in vitro cultures of rat cells | ↓Glucose, ↑nerve conduction velocity, and ↑HTase |
|
| Hsu et al. (2008) [51] | 11 diabetic subjects (6 males, 5 females, age 27–72, body mass index 18.9–31.2 ± 3.4 kg/m2, fasting blood glucose > 110 mg/dL) in a crossover design for 14 weeks (6 weeks of feeding with either GBR or WR and a 2-week washout period in between) were used to assess effects of 180 g test diets 3 times daily; subjects were maintained on their medications (1 on insulin, 10 on oral hypoglycemics) | ↓Blood glucose, ↓fructosamine, ↓total cholesterol, and ↓triglycerides |
|
| Hayakawa et al. (2009) [52] | Assessed various metabolic indices in 24 diabetic subjects on WR or GBR over 3 months | ↓HbA1c, ↓insulin response, ↓HOMA-IR, ↓LDL cholesterol, ↑HDL cholesterol, and ↔blood glucose |
|
| Ebizuka et al. (2010) [53] | Assessed serum lipids and blood pressure on spontaneously hypertensive rats on control or 40% GBR diet for 8 weeks | ↓Total cholesterol, ↓blood pressure |
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| Roohinejad et al. (2010) [54] | Assessed serum lipids in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats on control diet, 24 h germinated BR diet, or 48 h germinated BR diet for 6 weeks | ↓Total cholesterol, ↓LDL cholesterol |
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| Shallan et a. (2010) [55] | Assessed changes in metabolic indices in diabetic albino rats on control or GBR diets for 5 weeks | ↓Weight, ↓glucose, and ↓cholesterol |
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| Torimitsu et al. (2010) [56] | OLEFT rats (model of type 2 diabetes) were used as diabetic animals and LETO rats as nondiabetic controls to assess effects of GBR and control diet on various metabolic indices for 30 weeks | ↓Blood glucose, ↓TNF, ↓PAI-1, and ↑adiponectin |
|
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Mohd et al. (2011) [57] | Assessed various metablic indices in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits on GBR, BR, or WR diets for 10 weeks | ↓Total cholesterol, ↓LDL cholesterol, ↓atherogenic index, ↓MDA, and ↑HDL cholesterol |
|
| Usuki et al. (2011) [58] | Assessed effects of GBR on metabolic indices of diabetic rats (fasting blood glucose of >400 mg/dL) induced through i.p. injection of 65 mg/kg body weight of STZ dissolved in 100 mmol/L sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5 and effect of ASG on in vitro cultures using INS-1 cells | ↓Glucose, ↓LDL cholesterol, ↑nerve conduction velocity, ↑HTase, ↑IGF-1 (↓oxidative stress), and ↑insulin secretion |
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| Imam et al. (2012) [40] | Assessed effects of WR, BR, and GBR on glycemia and antioxidant status of diabetic rats (fasting blood glucose of >250 mg/dL) induced through i.p. injection of 35 mg/kg body weight of STZ dissolved in 100 mmol/L sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5, in high-fat diet-induced obese rats | ↓Glucose, ↑total antioxidant status, ↑hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities of liver and kidneys, and ↑expression of superoxide dismutase gene |
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