Evaluation of Acute 13-Week Subchronic Toxicity and Genotoxicity of the Powdered Root of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack)

Table 1

Mutagenicity assay of E. longifolia powdered root in vitro (Ames test).

	TA98	TA100	TA102	TA1535	TA1537
	Without S9 metabolic activation
Negative^1	22.0±3.0	141.7±34.2	202.7±15.7	11.3±0.6	6.0±1.0
Positive^2	1026.7±254.0^∗	3976.0±644.1^∗	1274.7±185.4^∗	1234.3±53.8^∗	762.3±655.3^∗
E. longifolia powdered root (mg/plate)
0.3125	18.0±0.0	204.3±26.0	109.0±6.9	14.3±1.2	8.0±1.7
0.625	21.7±5.8	187.3±48.8	98.0±10.5	15.7±3.1	5.7±0.6
1.25	20.0±0.0	187.0±24.3	103.7±24.7	18.3±5.8	6.3±2.1
2.5	13.3±3.2	195.3±37.5	110.3±12.4	16.3±7.6	8.3±3.1
5	18.7±2.5	184.0±14.8	98.0±12.8	22.0±1.0	8.7±0.6
	With S9 metabolic activation
Negative^1	29.0±3.6	83.0±4.4	160.7±18.3	14.3±0.6	9.0±1.0
Positive^2	100.3±12.0^∗	599.7±49.4^∗	1565.7±59.8^∗	960.3±71.8^∗	857.7±20.4^∗
E. longifolia powdered root (mg/plate)
0.3125	23.0±5.3	159.7±14.0	181.7±8.5	12.3±6.4	11.7±3.5
0.625	23.0±2.7	171.7±18.2	129.7±31.3	10.3±4.7	7.5±2.1
1.25	21.7±2.1	201.3±9.3	157.7±12.5	13.0±2.7	10.7±1.2
2.5	20.3±3.2	161.3±35.4	167.3±15.1	9.3±6.7	6.3±3.8
5	20.7±3.1	128.3±29.5	163.3±7.7	15.7±6.4	7.3±2.5

The values were presented as Mean ± S.D. (𝑁≥3). No significant changes of revertants were observed at any concentrations of test compound treatments in five tester strains. Statistical analysis: ^∗𝑃<0.05 indicates a statistical difference with the control group by one-way ANOVA when the number of revertants was twice than control at TA98, TA100, and TA102 and triple than control at TA1537 and TA1535.
1Solvent (sterile water) was used as negative control.
2Positive control in w/o S9 plate: TA98 (4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine 2.5 μg/plate); TA100 and TA1535 (sodium azide 5 μg/plate); TA102 (mitomycin C 0.5 μg/plate); TA1537 (9-aminoacridine 50 μg/plate); in w/w S9 plate: TA100/TA102/TA1535/TA1537 (2-aminoanthrene 5 μg/plate); TA98 (benzo(a)pyrene 5 μg/plate).