Evaluation of Acute 13-Week Subchronic Toxicity and Genotoxicity of the Powdered Root of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack)

Table 5

Serum biochemistry analysis of subchronic toxicity after 13-week E. longifolia powdered root treatment.

Item (abbreviation)	Unit	Treatment (g/kg b.w.)
		Male				Female
		0	0.6	1.2	2	0	0.6	1.2	2
Calcium	mg/dL	10.39±0.46	10.37±1.17	10.02±1.13	9.78±0.63	9.25±0.59	9.29±0.97	10.15±0.48	9.87±0.90
Chloride	mmol/L	105.10±7.29	104.90±13.49	107.00±10.24	101.50±6.17	101.00±6.48	99.20±10.50	100.70±6.95	100.00±8.37
Potassium	mmol/L	5.67±0.74	5.49±1.20	5.63±0.62	5.05±0.65	4.49±0.46	4.53±0.83	4.31±0.75	4.35±0.62
Sodium	mmol/L	146.90±9.12	146.90±17.11	150.50±13.53	143.40±8.15	139.00±9.46	132.00±19.68	140.90±9.10	137.50±12.08
Magnesium	mEg/L	1.68±0.25	1.90±0.25	1.95±0.37	1.90±0.25	1.46±0.20	1.51±0.35	1.88±0.28^∗	1.86±0.28^∗
Glucose	mg/dL	135.10±17.46	143.90±26.80	146.40±14.06	126.70±20.44	142.30±23.36	113.30±24.69	128.70±21.23	131.70±20.78
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	U/L	22.40±4.01	21.90±3.28	22.10±4.61	21.80±4.18	26.50±14.20	21.10±4.53	21.80±3.88	22.70±7.99
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	U/L	99.67±13.31	94.60±21.74	76.50±16.66^∗	73.60±12.69^∗	103.44±18.93	99.56±17.26	92.60±18.02	86.56±18.24
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	U/L	35.20±4.02	35.40±8.55	36.60±7.93	34.40±5.80	14.60±2.55	16.40±4.65	21.00±7.47	19.60±4.60
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)	mg/dL	0.62±0.38	0.66±0.61	0.81±0.40	0.80±0.51	0.35±0.37	0.53±0.44	0.30±0.48	0.35±0.38
Creatinine	mg/dL	0.76±0.07	0.74±0.10	0.67±0.08^∗	0.61±0.03^∗	0.68±0.08	0.66±0.08	0.64±0.10	0.65±0.11
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)	mg/dL	23.40±1.26	23.78±4.41	20.33±3.61^∗	16.80±3.16^∗	22.60±4.33	23.40±3.89	25.50±4.93	19.60±4.84
Albumin	g/dL	3.15±0.21	3.20±0.35	3.28±0.31	3.25±0.20	3.51±0.38	3.38±0.53	3.65±0.36	3.45±0.47
Globulin	U/L	2.66±0.13	2.59±0.33	2.67±0.40	2.53±0.28	2.13±0.20	2.13±0.25	2.39±0.14	2.24±0.24
Total protein	g/dL	5.81±0.31	5.79±0.62	5.95±0.66	5.78±0.42	5.64±0.54	5.51±0.76	6.04±0.42	5.69±0.65
Cholesterol	mg/dL	92.97±12.07	88.39±23.38	70.86±12.62^∗	60.83±8.53^∗	81.45±15.40	72.00±17.55	70.50±19.91	56.77±16.35^∗
Triglycerides	mg/dL	44.50±12.70	43.10±12.72	42.90±11.52	42.40±8.15	44.50±10.63	40.20±9.55	39.00±12.65	41.60±6.82
Creatine phosphate kinase (CPK)	U/L	293.2±104.0	215.9±104.7	158.1±119.0^∗	124.3±70.2^∗	356.5±112.5	339.7±85.9	258.4±77.1	280.9±116.7
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	U/L	652.7±170.9	444.0±227.5^∗	304.7±93.2^∗	229.9±93.2^∗	628.3±155.5	691.6±133.5	539.0±128.9	575.9±282.2
Amylase	U/L	704.1±134.7	697.5±103.0	665.7±259.4	682.2±81.7	513.2±58.3	467.5±90.1	486.9±93.1	475.9±95.3

Most serum biochemical parameters were within normal range (Charles River, 2008), except the pharmacological effects in AST (SGOT), creatinine, BUN, CPK, and LDH in treated males; cholesterol in both treated genders, after 13-week E. longifolia powdered root ingestions. Data were expressed as Mean ± S.D. (𝑁=8--10). Statistical analysis: ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 indicate a statistical difference with the control group by one-way ANOVA.