Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Ethanol Extract from Chinese Propolis (Poplar Type)

Figure 5

Effect of EECP on NF-κB activation in TNF-α treated HEK 293T cells. HEK 293T cells were transiently transfected with firefly luciferase reporter plasmid (pGL4.2-3×NF-KB-Luc) and luciferase reporter plasmid (pRL-TK) for 24 h. Then cells were pretreated with an increasing concentrations of EECP (0–20 μg/mL) in the presence of TNF-α (10 ng/mL). Unstimulated cells were used as a negative control. Luciferase activity was normalized to tk-Renilla luciferase activity and results are expressed by the percentage of TNF-α treated group. Data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Individual groups were compared using student’s 𝑡-test (*𝑃<0.05, **𝑃<0.01, ***𝑃<0.001 compared with the LPS group; ^#𝑃<0.05 compared with untreated group).