| Possible drug protective mechanism | Studies |
| Hemorheology and cerebral circulation improvement | [5, 34, 47] | Cerebral edema relief; blood brain barrier permeability reduction | [28, 30, 39, 40, 44, 45, 53, 60, 61] | Excitatory neurotransmitter toxicity reduction | [11] | Reduction of Ca2+ overload | [14, 22] | Oxidative stress and nitration stress reaction reduction | [15, 16, 38, 60] | Antiinflammatory effect | [5, 26, 31, 46, 63] | Antiapoptotic effect | [5, 15, 38, 40, 50] | Promotion of new blood vessel formation | [5, 6, 8, 27, 37, 42, 45, 52, 62] | Promotion of nerve regeneration and synapse formation | [5, 9, 13, 16, 20, 29, 32, 41, 43, 48, 51, 55, 57, 59, 66] | Other | [22ā25, 33, 36, 49, 64] |
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