|
| Target | Compounds | Animal/organs | Effect | References |
|
| Antioxidant effect | TCR | Rat heart | Lipid peroxidation; |
Jayalakshmi and Devaraj, 2004 [28] |
| Activity of marker enzymes; |
| Antioxidant enzymes; |
| Oxygen uptake; |
| Respiratory coupling ratio |
|
| Positive inotropic effect | WS 1442 | Human myocardial tissue | cAMP-independent mechanism; |
Schwinger et al., 2000 [31] |
| Sarcolemmal Na+/K+-ATPase; |
| Sodium pump; |
| Intracellular Ca2+ concentration; |
|
| Anti-inflammatory effect | AEC | Rat heart |
Nitritive stress; |
Vijayan et al., 2012 [37] |
| Oxidative stress; |
| iNOS expression; |
| COX-2; |
| Lipid peroxidation; |
| Cytochrome c; |
|
| Anti-cardiac remodeling effect | WS 1442 | Rat | LV chamber volumes (VOL); |
Hwang et al., 2008 [41] |
| Relative wall thickness; |
| Vcfc; |
|
| Antiplatelet aggregation | Crataegus aronia syn. Azarolus (L) | Rat blood | Bleeding time; |
Abdullah et al., 2012 [45] |
| Platelet aggregation; |
| Serum levels of TXB2; |
|
| Vasodilating effect | WS 1442 | Isolated rings of rat aorta | Endothelium-dependent, |
Brixuis et al., 2006 [50] |
| NO-mediated vasorelaxation; |
| eNOS phosphorylation; |
| Crataegus microphylla CM extract | Rat thoracic aorta | Endothelium-dependent relaxation; |
Gökçe et al., 2013 [52] |
| Vascular contraction; |
| iNOS expression; |
| Plasma levels of TNF-, IL-6; |
| Lipid peroxidation; |
| CE | Rat aorta | Endothelium-dependent nitric oxide(NO)-mediated relaxation; |
Kim et al., 2000 [54] |
| Tetraethylammonium-sensitive K+ channels; |
|
| Endothelial protection | WS 1442 | Rat main mesenteric arteries | Prostanoid-mediated contractile responses; |
Idris-Khodja et al., 2012 [63] |
| Oxidative stress; |
| COX-1 and COX-2; |
|
| Protect I/R injury | WS 1442 | Rat myocardium | Contractile function; |
Veveris et al., 2004 [67] |
| Infarct size; |
| Crataegus oxyacantha | Rat heart | Average prevalence of malignant arrhythmias
(VF + Flutter); |
Makdessi et al., 1999 [68] |
| Average prevalence of VT; |
| TCR | Rat heart | Antioxidant enzyme activity; |
Jayalakshim and Devaraj, 2004 [69] |
|
| Antiarrhythmic effect | Crataegus meyeri extracts | Rat | Ventricular ectopic beats; |
Garjani et al., 2000 [72] |
| Single extrasystoles; |
|
| Lipid-lowering effect | HFC | Mice | Blood lipids; |
Xu et al., 2009 [76] |
| (LDL-C)/TC; |
| TG levels; |
| HFC | Hamsters | Serum cholesterol; |
Zhang et al., 2002 [78] |
| VLDL + LDL cholesterol; |
| Hepatic cholesterol ester content; |
| The leaf of Crataegus pinnatifida | Mice | TG and glucose absorption; |
Wang et al., 2011 [79] |
| Gastrointestinal transit; |
| TG and free fatty acid; |
| Hawthorn flavonoids | Mice | LPL expression; |
Fan et al., 2006 [80] |
| PPARγ-dependent mechanism; |
| TCR | Rat | Lipids in the serum and heart; |
Akila and Devaraj, 2008 [81] |
| Lipid in liver and aorta; |
| Activity of antioxidant enzymes; |
| Whole plant of Crataegus | Zebrafish | Intravascular cholesterol levels; |
Robert et al., 2012 [82] |
|
| Decrease of arterial blood pressure | Crataegus tanacetifolia leaf extract |
Rats coronary artery | L-NAME-induced hypertension; |
Koçyõldõz et al., 2006 [83] |
| Beneficial effects on cardiovascular system; |
|
Aqueous extract of Crataegus |
Rat | HR and MAP; |
Shatoor, 2013 [84] |
| Sinus node suppression; |
Atrioventricular blockade;
Muscarinic receptor M2; |
| Blockade of beta-receptors; |
|
