|
| Group | Lead author | Sample size | Age (y) | Intervention (Qigong) and controls | Duration | Psychological well-being related measures | Psychological well-being related outcomes |
|
| | Griffith [35] | N1 = 50
11 males,
39 females
N2 = 25 | Mean age 51 | G1 Qigong practice
G2 Wait-list (control) | 6 weeks | Perceived Stress Scale, SF-36 | Qigong improved perceived stress and social interaction subscale of the SF-36 versus control. |
| | Jin [29] | N1 = 105
N2 = 35 | 60–69 | G1 Health qigong
G2 Tai Chi (control)
G3 Fitness Yangko (control) | 12 weeks | SDS, SAS, SRHMS | SAS reduced significantly in G1, G1, G3. SDS reduced significantly in G1, G3. |
| Healthy subjects | Johansson [36] | N1 = 59
8 males,
51 females
N2 = 28 | Mean age 50.8
| G1 Qigong
(Jichu Gong)
G2 Lecture (control) | 4 days intensive | POMS, STAI | POMS-depression, anger, fatigue, STAI-state anxiety scores reduced significantly in G1. |
| | Lee [37] | N1 = 20
Male only
N2 = 10 | Mean age 26
| G1 Qigong (Korean Qi-therapy)
G2 Placebo (control) | 70 minutes | The Spielberger Anxiety Inventory-State, MT | Qigong improved anxiety versus control. |
| | Liu [33] | N1 = 100
N2 = 50 | College students | G1 eight-section Brocade qigong
G2 unclear (control) | 12 weeks | SCL-90 | Qigong improved SOM, O-C, I-S and PAR versus control. SOM, O-C, DEP, ANX, HOS, other symptoms and mean score reduced significantly in G1. |
| | Skoglund [39] | N1 = 42
9 males,
33 females
N2 = 21 | 42–54
Mean age 48 | G1 Qigong (Shuxingpingxegong)
G2 Wait-list (control) | 6 weeks | Questionnaire about health state, health grading and grading of stress, a visual analogue scale (similar to a thermometer),
SF12 (a short version of SF-36) | The health related quality of life was improved significantly after Qigong. |
|
| | Cheung [34] | N1 = 91
37 males,
51 females
(88 subjects completed)
N2 = 47 | Mean age 54
(88 subjects completed) | G1 Goulin qigong
G2 Conventional exercise (control) | 16 weeks | SF-36, BAI, BDI | No significant difference found between the two groups. |
| | Huo [28] | N1 = 80
28 males,
41 females
(69 subjects completed)
N2 = 40 | Mean age 64.2
(69 subjects completed) | G1 Eight-Section Brocade qigong
G2 Health education (control) | 12 weeks | SDS, DMQLS | Qigong improved SDS, total score, physiological dimension, satisfactory dimension of quality of life versus control. SDS, total score, physiological dimension, satisfactory dimension of QOL reduced significantly in G1.
Satisfactory dimension of QOL reduced significantly in G2. |
| | Lee [16] | N1 = 46
N2 = 22 | 40–65
Mean age 53
(36 subjects completed) | G1 Qigong exercise
G2 Wait-list (control) | 8 weeks | The general self-efficacy scale,
Exercise self-efficacy,
the scale to measure the effect of emotion on exercise | Self-efficacy and other cognitive perceptual efficacy variables improved significantly in G1. |
Subjects
with
chronic
illnesses | Lin [32] | N1 = 108
28 males,
80 females
N2 = 81 | 37–70
Mean age 58
(94 subjects completed) | G1 eight-section Brocade qigong
G2 eight-section Brocade and static qigong
G3 Static qigong
G4 Treatment as usual (control) | 4 months | MMPI, SCL-90, DSQL | MMPI: SI, difference of Pd in G3, difference of Pd, Pt and Sc in G2 were improved versus control. Pd, Pt and Sc reduced significantly in G2. Hy, Pd and Pa reduced significantly in G3; Pd, Sc increased significantly in G4.
SCL-90: SOM in G1 were improved versus control. SOM, O-C, DEP and GSI reduced significantly in G1. O-C, HOS and GSI reduced significantly in G2.
DSQL: total score, physical score, psychological score, social score and treatment score in G2, total score, social score and treatment score in G3, treatment score in G1 were improved versus control. Difference of total score, physical score and social score in G1, G2, G3, difference of psychological score and treatment score in G2 were improved versus control. Total score, physical score and psychological score reduced significantly in G2, G3. Social score and treatment score reduced significantly in G2. Total score, physical score and social score increased significantly in G4. |
| Oh [38] | N1 = 162
69 males,
93 females
N2 = 81 | 31–86
Mean age 60 | G1 modified qigong
G2 group therapy (control) | 10 weeks | Functional Assessment of Cancer
Therapy—General (FACT-G), the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Fatigue (FACT-F), POM. | Qigong improved QOL, fatigue and mood disturbance versus control. |
| | Tsang [41] | N1 = 50
26 males,
24 females
N2 = 25 | ≥65
Mean age 75 | G1 eight-section Brocades qigong
G2 traditional remedial rehabilitation (control) | 12 weeks | GDS, Perceived Benefit Questionnaire, WHOQOL-BREF[HK], ASSEI | Physical health, activity level, psychological health, social relationship, and health in general improved significantly in G1. |
| | Wang [30] | N1= 54
23 males,
31 females
N2 = 27 | 41–70
Mean age 58.8 | G1 eight-section Brocade qigong
G2 treatment as usual (control) | 4 months | SCL-90 | Qigong improved O-C, DEP, ANX and HOS versus control 2 months later. HOS reduced significantly in G1 4 months later. |
| | Zhang [31] | N1 = 90
29 males,
61 females
N2 = 60 | 37–69
Mean age 57.8
(78 subjects completed) | G1 eight-section Brocade and relaxation qigong
G2 Liuzijue and relaxation qigong
G3 Treatment as usual (control) | 4 months | SCL-90, DSQL | SCL-90: SOM and PSY in G2 were improved versus control. Difference of SOM and PSY in G1, G2 were improved versus control. GSI, mean score and SOM reduced significantly in G1, G2. PST and DEP reduced significantly in G1. I-S, HOS and PSY reduced significantly in G2. QOL: physical score in G1, G2 were improved versus control. Psychological and social score reduced significantly in G2. Social score reduced significantly in G3. |
|
Subjects
with
depression | Tsang [40] | N1 = 97
N2 = 41
16 males,
66 females
(82 subjects completed) | ≥65
Mean age 82
(82 subjects completed) | G1 Qigong practice
G2 Newspaper reading (control) | 16 weeks | GDS, CGSS, PWI, GHQ-12, ASSEI, Perceived Benefit Questionnaire | Qigong improved mood, self-efficacy, personal well-being, physical and social domains of self-concept versus control 8 weeks later. 16 weeks later, the improvement generalized to the daily task domain of the self-concept. |
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