Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

The Effects of Qigong on Anxiety, Depression, and Psychological Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 5

Quality assessment of outcome measures in subjects with chronic illnesses.
Quality assessment Summary of findings 
       No. of patients EffectQualityImportance
No. of studiesDesignLimitationsInconsistencyIndirectnessImprecisionOther considerationsQigongControlRelative (95% CI)Absolute 
Total score (measured with: total score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–450; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.78 to −0.2)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Somatization (measured with: somatization score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–48; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.81 to −0.23)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Obsessive-compulsive (measured with: obsessive-complusive score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–40; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.64 to −0.06)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Interpersonal sensitivity (measured with: interpersonal sensitivity score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–36; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.68 to −0.1)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Depression (measured with: depression score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–52; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.58 to 0)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Anxiety (measured with: anxiety score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–40; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.66 to −0.08)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Anger-hostility (measured with: anger-hostility score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–24; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.8 to −0.17)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Phobic anxiety (measured with: phobic anxiety score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–28; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.58 to −0.01)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Psychotism (measured with: psychotism score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–40; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.83 to −0.24)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Paranoid ideation (measured with: paranoid ideation score of Symptom Checklist 90 at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–24; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious1No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias214572—MD 0
(−0.62 to −0.05)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
Psychological health (measured with: psychological score of Diabetes Specific Quality of Life Scale at end of treatment; range of scores: 0–40; better indicated by less)
3Randomised trialSerious4No serious inconsistencyNo serious indirectnessNo serious imprecisionReporting bias512052—MD 0
(−0.91 to −0.25)		⨁ ⨁○○
Low		Important3
1Wang et al. 2008 [30]: lack of allocation concealment and blinding, and failure to adhere to intention to treat principle when indicated; Lin 2007 [32]: lack of blinding; Zhang 2008 [31]: lack of blinding and reporting of some outcomes and not others on the basis of the results, 2Only three small studies were included, 3Further research is very much needed, 4Lin 2007 [32]: lack of blinding; Zhang 2008 [31]: lack of blinding and reporting of some outcomes and not others on the basis of the results, 5Only two small studies were included.