Combined Ethanol Extract of Grape Pomace and Omija Fruit Ameliorates Adipogenesis, Hepatic Steatosis, and Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Figure 2
Effect of GPE alone or combined with OFE on hepatic lipid contents (a), liver morphology (b), liver weight (c) and hepatic lipogenic and inflammatory gene expressions and fatty acid oxidation (d–f) in HFD-fed mice. (a), (c)–(f) Data are the Means ± SE (). abMeans not sharing a common letter are significantly different among the groups at . (b) Representative photomicrographs of the liver are shown at ×200 magnification (). CON: high-fat diet control; GPE: high fat diet plus grape pomace extract (0.5%, w/w); GPE + OFE: high fat diet plus grape pomace extract (0.5%, w/w) combined with omija fruit extract (0.05%, w/w); WAT: white adipose tissue; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; FAS: fatty acid synthase; ME: malic enzyme; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; HMGR: 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase; ACAT: acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6: interleukin-6; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1.
