Combined Ethanol Extract of Grape Pomace and Omija Fruit Ameliorates Adipogenesis, Hepatic Steatosis, and Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Table 2

Effects of GPE alone or combined with OFE on food intake, body weight, plasma adipokines and lipids levels in HFD-fed mice.

	CON	GPE	GPE + OFE
Food intake (g/day)	3.23±0.08	3.00±0.10	3.21±0.05
Initial body weight (g)	18.95±0.07	18.65±0.45	18.85±0.51
Final body weight (g)	33.74±1.03	31.87±0.81	31.15±0.94
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	9.67±0.27	10.43±0.27	10.41±0.31
Adipsin (µg/m)	0.99±0.04	1.00±0.03	1.08±0.03
Free fatty acid (mmol/L)	0.47±0.04^a	0.45±0.04^a	0.29±0.04^b
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	0.92±0.09	1.03±0.08	0.90±0.03
Phospholipid (mmol/L)	2.24±0.06	2.39±0.08	2.27±0.04
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.21±0.16	4.66±0.28	4.16±0.18
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.76±0.06^a	0.96±0.09^b	0.84±0.03^ab
HTR (%)	17.99±1.00	20.30±0.89	20.31±0.59
AI	4.69±0.34^a	4.00±0.21^b	3.96±0.15^b

Data are mean ± SE (𝑛=10). ^abMeans not sharing a common letter are significantly different among groups at  𝑃<0.05. CON: high-fat diet control; GPE: high-fat diet plus grape pomace extract (0.5%, w/w); GPE + OFE: high fat diet plus grape pomace extract (0.5%, w/w) combined with omija fruit extract (0.05%, w/w); HTR: HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol; AI atherogenic index; (total-cholesterol − HDL cholesterol)/HDL cholesterol.