Effect of Jeju Water on Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 1

Geographic features, physicochemical characteristics, mineral contents, and trace elements of the study waters.

	SS	S1	S2	𝑃^∗
Type	Tap water	Groundwater	Groundwater
Region	Gayang-dong, Seoul	Gyorae-ri, Jeju	Daepo-dong, Jeju
pH	7.4±0.0	7.7±0.0	8.2±0.0	0.025
Electrical conductivity (μs/cm)	130.3±0.2	75.0±1.1	105.5±0.1	0.027
Hardness (mg/L)	39.4±1.5	18.4±0.7	24.3±1.0	0.027
F (mg/L)	0.0±0.0	0.0±0.0	0.1±0.0	0.061
Cl (mg/L)	13.8±1.4	5.9±0.2	5.3±0.0	0.026
NO3 (mg/L)	8.9±0.6	1.5±0.1	1.5±0.2	0.044
SO4 (mg/L)	9.9±1.4	1.6±0.1	1.7±0.1	0.050
Ca (mg/L)	13.4±1.6	3.2±0.2	2.8±0.1	0.044
K (mg/L)	2.4±0.0	2.2±0.0	4.2±0.1	0.026
Mg (mg/L)	3.1±0.5	2.7±0.1	3.7±0.1	0.249
Na (mg/L)	6.9±0.4	5.7±0.3	10.2±0.5	0.027
SiO2 (mg/L)	8.2±0.2	27.0±0.2	26.4±0.4	0.044
V (mg/L)	1.3±0.1	7.7±0.3	20.5±0.6	0.027
Al (μg/L)	26.9±1.8	2.8±0.3	6.3±0.6	0.027
B (μg/L)	9.3±0.6	7.9±1.7	9.7±1.1	0.561
Fe (μg/L)	50.4±8.5	10.6±2.6	12.5±3.6	0.066
Cr (μg/L)	0.9±0.7	0.6±0.4	0.6±0.4	0.860
Zn (μg/L)	14.1±0.7	0.7±0.1	9.3±1.2	0.027
Mn (μg/L)	1.5±0.3	0.1±0.1	0.1±0.1	0.057

Data are expressed as means ± SE from three independent measurements.
*Kruskal-Wallis test.