Western blotting analysis of α -synuclein expression levels in the spinal cord and brainstem of saline- () or BV-treated mice (). The blot shown is representative of three independent experiments. The total tissue homogenate was immunoblotted with an anti-α-synuclein antibody (a), anti-phospho-α-synuclein (Ser 129), and anti-nitrated α-synuclein. Tubulin served a loading control. BV: bee venom, BS: brainstem, SP: spinal cord.