|
| Herbal medicine | Suppressive effects on carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis | References |
|
| For breast cancer |
| Vitamin A (fenretinide) | 200 mg/day significantly reduces the recurrence of local breast cancer in premenopausal women | [4] |
| Vitamin E | Leads to malabsorption or maldigestion in cancer patients; balanced and healthy diet | [5, 6] |
| Isoflavone | To reduce risk of breast cancer | [10] |
| Isoflavones genistein and daidzein | To confer weak estrogenic effects | [11] |
| Alkaloids | Inhibition of cancer cell growth | [13, 14] |
| Coumarins | Inhibition of cancer cell growth | [15, 16] |
| Flavonoids and polyphenols | Antiproliferation | [17, 18] |
| Terpenoids | MCF-7 cell apoptosis | [19] |
| Quinone | To induce G2-M arrest and autophagy by inhibiting the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in breast cancer cells | [20] |
| Artemisunate | Decrease the proliferation of human breast cancer cells from expressing a high ERα : ERβ ratio | [21] |
|
| For prostate cancer |
| Vitamins A-D and retinoid | Maintain homeostasis and prevent various metabolic disorders | [23] |
| Vitamin E | Reduce the risk of lethal or advanced prostate cancer relative to nonusers | [30] |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) | Arrest LNCaP and DU145 prostate cancer cells at the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle | [34] |
| Inhibit metalloproteinase in vitro | [35] |
| Soy isoflavones | Inhibit 5α-reductase activity | [37] |
| Chemopreventive activities | [22] |
| Scutellaria baicalensis (baicalin) | Inhibit enzymatic synthesis of eicosanoids | [38] |
| Baicalein | Impair the proliferation of androgen-independent PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells in culture | [39] |
| Induces cell-cycle arrest at the G0-G1 phase | [39] |
| Induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells at concentrations achievable in humans | [40] |
| Suppresses the expression of specific androgen receptor in prostate cancer | [40] |
| Lycopenes | Decreases prostate cancer risk | [41] |
| Diminishes oxidative damage in lymphocytes | [42] |
| Significantly decreases levels of PSA and less oxidative damage | [42] |
| PC-SPES | Decreases serum testosterone concentrations (); decreases serum concentrations of prostate-specific antigen | [43] |
| Antitumor efficacy against cancer cell lines | [44] |
| Wedelia chinensis (Asteraceae) | Inhibits the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway | [47] |
|
| For lung cancer |
| Platycodon grandiflorum (Campanulaceae) | Anticancer effect in lung cancer patients | [49–51] |
| Morus alba (Moraceae) | Anticancer effect in lung cancer patients |
| Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae) | Anticancer effect in lung cancer patients |
| Rhus verniciflua (Anacardiaceae) | Anticancer effect in lung cancer patients |
| Perilla frutescens (Labiatae) | Anticancer effect in lung cancer patients |
| Stemona japonica (Stemonaceae) | Anticancer effect in lung cancer patients |
| Tussilago farfara (Compositae) | Anticancer effect in lung cancer patients |
| Draba nemorosa (Brassicaceae) | Anticancer effect in lung cancer patients |
|
| For liver fibrosis and cancer |
| Inchin-ko-to (TJ-135) | Preventive effect on liver fibrosis | [53] |
| Yi Guan Jian (YGJ) | [53] |
| Yi Guan Jian (YGJ) | [54] |
| Fufang-Liu-Yue-Qing | [55] |
| Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) | [56] |
| Salvianolic acid B | | |
| Curcumin | Suppressive effect on hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis | [57] |
| Oxymatrine | | |
| Compound 861 | Suppressive effect on hepatic fibrogenesis | [58, 59] |
| Sho saiko-to (TJ-9) | Reduces/limits the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma | [60] |
|
| For pancreatic cancer |
| GDC-0449, IPI-926, XL-139 and PF-04449913 | SMO antagonists; deregulation of sonic hedgehog homology (SHH) | [61] |
| Cyclopamine | Inhibit SHH signaling by directly binding to the 7-helix bundle of the SMO protein; arrest the growth of pancreatic tumors | [62] |
| Weakens the recruitment of BMPCs into cancer cells and reduces the formation of tumor vasculature | [63] |
| The cancerous vascular system becomes unstable after treatment with cyclopamine due to the expression of angiopoietin-1 | [63] |
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