The Ameliorating Effect of Steamed and Fermented Codonopsis lanceolata on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice
Figure 1
Effects of fermented Codonopsis lanceolata on escape latencies in the Morris water maze test in mice that were treated with control, scopolamine, donepezil, scopolamine (Sco) + fermented C. lanceolata extract (FCE) (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg), and scopolamine (Sco) + C. lanceolata extract (CE) (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg). (a) The escape latencies in the Morris water maze during the 4 days. The values shown are the mean escape latency ± standard deviation (SD; ). *, **, and *** compared to the scopolamine group. (b) The time spent in the quadrant where the platform was once placed in the probe test. The results are expressed as mean ± SD . *, **, and *** compared to the control group. (c) Mean swimming speed of mice during 4 days in Morris water maze test. The data represent means ± SD. *, **, and *** compared with control group.