The Protective Effects of Cobra Venom from Naja naja atra on Acute and Chronic Nephropathy

Figure 1

The effects of NNAV on urinary protein excretion. Wistar rats were treated with oral administration of NNAV at a dose of 30, 90, and 270 μg/kg (a) or 20, 40, and 80 μg/kg (b) once a day starting 5 days prior to adriamycin (ADR) injection. ADR (6 mg/kg) was administered by tail vein injection. Wistar rats were treated with oral administration of NNAV (20, 40, and 80 μg/kg) once a day starting 5 days prior to glycerol injection (c). Glycerol (50% v/v, 8 mL/kg) was administered by intramuscular injection. Urine was collected for determination of proteinuria before and after ADR administration and 72 h after glycerol injection. ***𝑃<0.001 compared with “saline + saline” group; ^#𝑃<0.05, ^##𝑃<0.01, and ^###𝑃<0.001 compared with “adriamycin (or glycerol) + saline” group; 𝑛=7--10.

(a)

(b)

(c)