Anthocyanins from Vitis coignetiae Pulliat Inhibit Cancer Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, but These Effects Can Be Attenuated by Tumor Necrosis Factor in Human Uterine Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells
Figure 2
Effects of AIMs on cancer cell migration and invasion in HeLa cells treated with TNF. (a) Cells were serum-starved for 24 hrs with or without AIMs (400 μg/mL). Cells (5 × 104 cells) were loaded onto precoated Matrigel 24-well invasion chambers in the presence or absence of TNF (10 ng/mL). The Matrigel invasion chambers were incubated for 24 h. (×400; the length of scale bar, 40 μm). (b) Cells were grown to 100% confluency on 30 mm cell culture dishes coated with collagen and then serum-starved for 24 hrs with or without TNF (10 ng/mL) and/or AIMs (400 μg/mL) for 24 h. A linear scratch was made on the culture dish through the cell layer using a pipette tip. After washing with PBS, serum-free media with or without AIMs were added. Photographs of the etched area in a Petri dish were taken at the interval of 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after the scratch to evaluate cell movement into the wounded area. Data were representative of three independent experiments. (c) MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels were measured by gelatin zymography. Cells were incubated for 48 h without or with AIMs (25–400 μg/mL). Values represent means ± SD from three independent experiments. * versus control, † versus AIM alone.
