Total and Inorganic Arsenic Contents in Some Edible Zingiberaceous Rhizomes in Thailand

Table 3

Concentrations of total arsenic in roots or rhizomes from various countries.

Species	Location	Total arsenic concentration; (ng/g)	Reference
Cumin^a	Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India	47.86–209.75	[15]
Turmeric powder^a	Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India	297.33– 280.9	[15]
Curcuma 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑒^b	Thailand	61.7 ± 12.5^c	Present study
Dry ginger^a	Beijing, China	77.9 ± 8.7^c	[5]
Zingiber 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒^b	Thailand	69.3 ± 11.8^c	Present study
Isatis 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎^b	Anguo city, Hebei, China	137.4 ± 0.0^c	[3]
Atractylodes 𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑎^b	Anguo city, Hebei, China	371.9 ± 0.0^c	[3]
Salvia 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑎^b	Anguo city, Hebei, China	278.9 ± 40.2^c	[3]
Saposhnikovia divaricata b	Anguo city, Hebei, China	175.8 ± 23.9^c	[3]
Astragalus 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑢𝑠^b	Anguo city, Hebei, China	140.3 ± 9.5^c	[3]
Aster 𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑠^b	Anguo city, Hebei, China	525.5 ± 103.9^c	[3]
Anemarrhena 𝑎𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠^b	Anguo city, Hebei, China	216.2 ± 31.6^c	[3]
Trichosanthes 𝑘𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑖^b	Anguo city, Hebei, China	184.4 ± 6.9^c	[3]
Alpinia 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎^b	Thailand	92.4 ± 9.2^c	Present study
Boesenbergia 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎^b	Thailand	103.5 ± 20.8^c	Present study
Curcuma 𝑧𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎^b	Thailand	89.8 ± 17.5^c	Present study
Zingiber 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟^b	Thailand	106.7 ± 19.5^c	Present study

 ^aSpecies not specified.
^bThe roots or rhizomes of plants can be used as botanical products.
^cValue as mean ± SD.