Effects of Moxa (Folium Artemisiae argyi) Smoke Exposure on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Human Study

Table 2

Baseline characteristics of study subjects.

Variables		Experimental group (𝑁=28)	Control group (𝑁=27)
Gender^a	Male/female	12/16	12/15
Age^b	Years	24.5±2.5	25±2.3
BMI^b	kg/m^2	21.2±2.9	21.1±2.3
Ethnic group^a	Han/others	27/1	26/1
Nationality^a	China/Singapore	26/2	26/1
Smoking history^a	Yes/no	0/28	0/27
Regular exercise^a	Yes/no	11/17	7/20
Emotional condition^a	Good/ok/bad	11/17/0	13/14/0
Mean HR^b	bpm	67.57±8.95	70.02±7.31
SDNN^c	ms	40.43 (12.89)	43.02 (26.26)
RMSSD^c	ms	35.08 (24.80)	34.02 (13.8)
PNN50^c	%	14.93 (32.12)	14.02 (17.21)
lnTP^c		7.17 (0.77)	7.17 (1.18)
lnHF^c		6.31 (1.21)	6.02 (1.36)
lnLF^c		5.77 (0.8)	5.99 (0.96)
LF/HF^c		0.76 (0.82)	0.83 (0.72)

bMean ± standard deviation; ^cmedian (interquartile range). No significant differences were found between the groups based on ^aChi-square test, ^bindependent two-sample t-test, or ^cMann-Whitney 𝑈  Test.