Aqueous Extract of <i>Solanum nigrum</i> Leaves Induces Autophagy and Enhances Cytotoxicity of Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Docetaxel, and 5-Fluorouracil in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells

<table>Proposed mechanism for the programmed cell death activated by AE-SN and chemotherapeutic drugs in human colorectal carcinoma cells. AE-SN-activated cell death can increase with cisplatin/doxorubicin/docetaxel/5-Fu-activated caspase-3-dependent or independent cell death (<svg height="14.85" id="M20" style="vertical-align:-2.22495pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.0875 14.85" width="27.0875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.012)"><path d="M535 230h-212v-233h-58v233h-213v50h213v210h58v-210h212v-50z" id="x2B"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.041,12.012)"><path d="M368 703l-264 -866h-60l265 866h59z" id="x2F"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.044,12.012)"><path d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x2212"></path></g>
</svg> caspase-3 cleavage) and result in further enhanced tumor cell death. (+) indicates synergistic effect of AE-SN with chemotherapeutic drugs. Solid line: activated pathway; the dotted line: inactive pathway. AE-SN: aqueous extract of <i>Solanum nigrum</i>.</table>

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Figure 6

Figure 6: Aqueous Extract of <i>Solanum nigrum</i> Leaves Induces Autophagy and Enhances Cytotoxicity of Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Docetaxel, and 5-Fluorouracil in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells 

Figure 6 | Aqueous Extract of Solanum nigrum Leaves Induces Autophagy and Enhances Cytotoxicity of Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Docetaxel, and 5-Fluorouracil in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells 