Greater Skeletal Gains in Ovary Intact Rats at Maturity Are Achieved by Supplementing a Standardized Extract of Butea monosperma Stem Bark that Confers Better Bone Conserving Effect following Ovariectomy and Concurrent Treatment Withdrawal

Table 3

Effect on body weight, bone biochemical markers, trabecular bone mass, microarchitecture, and strength following ovariectomy and treatment withdrawal at the endpoint.

Parameters	Sham + vehicle; (1% gum acacia)	OVx + vehicle; (1% gum acacia)	OVx + vehicle; (1% gum acacia) (ASFW)	OVx + E2; (10 μg/kg/day)
Body weight (gm)	232.3 ± 8.89	303.1 ± 8.27^p	297.4 ± 7.93^p	276.7 ± 13.05^r
Bone biochemical markers
Serum OCN (ng/mL)	105.49 ± 8.76^p	244.96 ± 6.76	203.93 ± 9.84^q,a	97.27 ± 9.99^p,e
Urinary CTx (ng/mL)	46.75 ± 11.4^p	113.69 ± 4.66	76.6 ± 3.23^p,b	66.37 ± 3.24^p,c
BMD (g HA/cm^3)
Femur metaphysis	0.234 ± 0.01^q	0.166 ± 0.001	0.198 ± 0.007^r	0.185 ± 0.01^r
Proximal tibia metaphysis	0.248 ± 0.01^p	0.118 ± 0.006	0.17 ± 0.006^q,a	0.171 ± 0.01^q,a
Vertebral cancellous bone	0.31 ± 0.014^p	0.219 ± 0.006	0.264 ± 0.007^q,b	0.265 ± 0.009^q,b
Micro-CT measurements at femur cancellous bone
BV/TV (%)	24.8 ± 1.87^p	12.07 ± 0.12	17.12 ± 0.38^p,a	14.12 ± 0.56^r,a,f
Tb.N (1/mm)	2.67 ± 0.27^p	1.27 ± 0.01	1.79 ± 0.06^r,a	1.71 ± 0.05^r,a
Tb.Th (mm)	0.09 ± 0.0004	0.09 ± 0.001	0.09 ± 0.001	0.09 ± 0.002
Conn.D (1/mm^3)	158.66 ± 11.79^p	58.48 ± 3.6	82.37 ± 3.76^r,a	72.15 ± 4.78^a
Tb.sp (mm)	0.3 ± 0.03^p	0.73 ± 0.04	0.65 ± 0.01^a	0.59 ± 0.02^r,a
Tb.pf (1/mm)	1.42 ± 0.51^p	6.33 ± 0.3	2.44 ± 0.27^p	3.39 ± 0.4^p,c
SMI	1.48 ± 0.07^q	1.7 ± 0.03	1.43 ± 0.02^q	1.5 ± 0.04^q
DA	1.8 ± 0.03	1.82 ± 0.06	1.8 ± 0.06	1.69 ± 0.02
Micro-CT measurements at tibial cancellous bone
BV/TV (%)	20.35 ± 1.64^p	8.8 ± 0.65	13.38 ± 0.64^r,a	13.67 ± 1.06^r,a
Tb.N (1/mm)	2.32 ± 0.17^p	0.98 ± 0.07	1.36 ± 0.06^r,a	1.45 ± 0.09^r,a
Tb.Th (mm)	0.08 ± 0.001	0.08 ± 0.001	0.09 ± 0.001	0.09 ± 0.001
Conn.D (1/mm^3)	137 ± 10.12^p	33.9 ± 2.12	55.52 ± 6.32^r,a	59.42 ± 4.15^r,a
Tb.sp (mm)	0.23 ± 0.01^p	0.69 ± 0.04	0.5 ± 0.02^p,a	0.46 ± 0.01^p,a
Tb.pf (1/mm)	6.41 ± 0.35^q	12.23 ± 0.78	8.19 ± 0.48^q	8.29 ± 0.48^q
SMI	1.74 ± 0.03^p	2.05 ± 0.05	1.84 ± 0.02^q	1.83 ± 0.05^q
DA	2.16 ± 0.04	2.18 ± 0.05	2.006 ± 0.03	2.01 ± 0.03
Micro-CT measurements at vertebral cancellous bone
BV/TV (%)	29.96 ± 1.85^p	15.06 ± 1.36	21.06 ± 0.63^r,b	22.24 ± 3.25^r,c
Tb.N (1/mm)	2.003 ± 0.1^q	1.28 ± 0.14	1.61 ± 0.07	1.62 ± 0.19
Tb.Th (mm)	0.13 ± 0.005^p	0.102 ± 0.001	0.12 ± 0.001^p,c	0.11 ± 0.002^p,b
Conn.D (1/mm^3)	64.99 ± 4.23^p	17.77 ± 1.56	26.35 ± 2.16^r,a	28.83 ± 1.12^r,a
Tb.sp (mm)	0.38 ± 0.009^q	0.49 ± 0.02	0.41 ± 0.01^r	0.41 ± 0.02^r
Tb.pf (1/mm)	0.86 ± 0.76^r	6.37 ± 0.82	4.16 ± 0.48	4.49 ± 1.22
SMI	0.86 ± 0.11^p	1.44 ± 0.04	0.96 ± 0.09^p	1.19 ± 0.01^r,b,g
DA	2.09 ± 0.07^p	3.57 ± 0.09	2.62 ± 0.11^p,b	2.7 ± 0.15^p,b
Vertebral bone strength
Ultimate load (N)	203.33 ± 16.99^p	92 ± 4.32	172 ± 17.65^p	143.33 ± 4.71^q,b
Energy (mJ)	1009.05 ± 104.5^q	544.27 ± 83.01	936.88 ± 43.47^q	1031.44 ± 112.01^q
Stiffness (N/mm)	268.03 ± 41.77^p	66.57 ± 13.67	206.86 ± 18.93^q	252.86 ± 40.6^q

Values represent mean ± SEM; 𝑛=15 rats/group. ^p𝑃<0.001, ^q𝑃<0.01, and ^r𝑃<0.05 compared to OVx + vehicle; ^a𝑃<0.001, ^b𝑃<0.01, and ^c𝑃<0.05 compared to sham; ^f𝑃<0.01 and ^g𝑃<0.05 compared to ASFW.
BMD: bone mineral density, BV/TV: percent bone volume, Tb.N: trabecular number, Tb.Th: trabecular thickness, Conn.D: connection density, Tb.sp: trabecular separation, Tb.pf: trabecular pattern factor, SMI: structure model index, DA: degree of anisotropy.