Metabolic Signatures of Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome and Protective Effects of Two Herbal Extracts in Rats Using GC/TOF MS

Table 2

List of differential serum metabolites in M group on the 3rd day after hydrocortisone withdrawal, and 𝑃 values in M, WKY1, and WKY2 groups compared to controls.

Metabolites	Formula	RT (min)	VIP^a	FC^b	𝑃^c
					M	WKY1	WKY2
Lactic acid	C3H6O3	5.54	1.43	0.58	0.043	0.545	0.312
Alanine	C3H7NO2	6.19	1.40	1.21	0.036	0.535	0.916
Acetylcarnitine	C9H17NO4	6.39	1.42	0.62	0.034	0.172	0.076
Glyceraldehyde	C3H6O3	6.77	1.46	0.80	0.033	0.085	0.080
Histidine	C6H9N3O2	17.29	1.83	0.58	0.002	0.004	0.050
Palmitic acid	C16H32O2	19.16	1.35	0.76	0.047	0.450	0.603
Indole-3-propionic acid	C11H11NO2	19.63	1.37	0.56	0.038	0.676	0.303
Linoleic acid	C18H32O2	21.18	1.46	0.61	0.021	0.009	0.007
Oleic acid	C18H34O2	21.23	1.37	0.61	0.035	0.070	0.139
Stearic acid	C18H36O2	21.42	1.63	0.70	0.008	0.448	0.162
Arachidonic acid	C20H32O2	22.15	1.47	0.61	0.024	0.382	0.113
1-Monolinoleoylglycerol	C21H38O4	22.36	1.71	0.23	0.004	0.556	0.158
Norepinephrine	C8H11NO3	22.61	1.28	0.61	0.065	0.417	0.947
Lactose	C12H22O11	23.63	1.48	0.50	0.027	0.433	0.114
Cholesterol	C27H46O	27.85	1.33	0.69	0.066	0.811	0.716

aVIP was obtained from PLS-DA model (Figure 1(c)).
bFC with a value >1 indicates a relatively higher concentration while a value <1 means a relatively lower concentration present in M group as compared to the controls.
^c𝑃 value of Student’s 𝑡 test.