The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Acupuncture and Their Relevance to Allergic Rhinitis: A Narrative Review and Proposed Model

Table 1

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Role of SP and CGRP in allergic rhinitis:

 (i) promote vasodilation and plasma extravasation in nasal epithelium (nasal congestion)

 (ii) SP and CGRP act synergistically and potentiate each other in mast cell degranulation

  (early-phase allergic response) and plasma extravasation (nasal congestion)

 (iii) activate monocytes to release pro-inflammatory cytokines (early-phase allergic response)

 (iv) increase eosinophil accumulation in nasal mucosa during repeated allergen exposure

 (v) SP promotes production and release of NGF

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