Validation of the Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Hawthorn by Assessment of Gluconeogenesis and Lipogenesis Related Genes and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation
Table 3
Absolute tissue weight, 4-week cumulative food intake, and blood profiles.
Parameter
CON
HF
HF+K1
HF+K2
HF+K3
HF+Rosi
−
−
0.2a
0.5a
1.0a
0.01a
Final body weight (g)
24.82 ± 0.64
27.38 ± 0.58#
25.74 ± 0.77
25.60 ± 0.58
23.73 ± 0.66**
26.25 ± 1.03
Body weight gain (g)
0.55 ± 0.16
0.88 ± 0.46
−0.37 ± 0.18
−1.33 ± 0.59***
−1.86 ± 0.44***
0.53 ± 0.18
Food intake (kcal/mouse)
256.32 ± 9.51
279.35 ± 11.24
275.12 ± 5.10
268.46 ± 6.36
233.98 ± 5.35**
284.05 ± 8.58
Absolute tissue weight (g)
EWAT
0.370 ± 0.034
0.625 ± 0.093#
0.609 ± 0.079
0.461 ± 0.046
0.364 ± 0.027*
0.368 ± 0.095*
MWAT
0.276 ± 0.018
0.343 ± 0.033
0.301 ± 0.028
0.321 ± 0.024
0.241 ± 0.019*
0.302 ± 0.032
RWAT
0.098 ± 0.011
0.222 ± 0.049#
0.206 ± 0.036
0.153 ± 0.023
0.104 ± 0.013*
0.178 ± 0.037
Visceral fat
0.467 ± 0.043
0.821 ± 0.103#
0.815 ± 0.07
0.613 ± 0.068
0.468 ± 0.037*
0.495 ± 0.130*
BAT
0.0382 ± 0.0023
0.0390 ± 0.0046
0.0323 ± 0.0019
0.0355 ± 0.0019
0.0327 ± 0.0018
0.0500 ± 0.0040
Liver (g)
0.755 ± 0.028
0.798 ± 0.029
0.786 ± 0.023
0.719 ± 0.028
0.690 ± 0.036*
0.764 ± 0.023
Blood profiles
FFA (meq/L)
1.473 ± 0.105
2.080 ± 0.181#
1.720 ± 0.267
1.498 ± 0.166*
1.487 ± 0.151*
1.305 ± 0.060*
LDL (mg/dL)
69.6 ± 5.9
124.7 ± 13.4###
92.8 ± 6.5
107.0 ± 7.2
88.2 ± 8.6*
134.3 ± 6.4
Leptin (μg/mL)
1.619 ± 0.361
6.579 ± 1.442##
3.802 ± 1.197
3.301 ± 0.820
2.528 ± 0.479*
2.195 ± 0.527*
Insulin (μg/L)
0.633 ± 0.091
0.929 ± 0.021#
0.865 ± 0.041
0.758 ± 0.087
0.581 ± 0.064*
0.533 ± 0.020*
Insulin resistance
3.27 ± 0.35
7.03 ± 0.81##
5.37 ± 0.64
4.52 ± 0.47*
2.90 ± 0.30**
2.73 ± 0.29**
All values are means ± S.E. (). #, ##, ### compared with the control (CON) group; *, **, *** compared with the high-fat + vehicle (distilled water) (HF) group. K1, K2, K3, extracts of hawthorn. EWAT: epididymal white adipose tissue; RWAT: retroperitoneal white adipose tissue; MWAT: mesenteric white adipose tissue; visceral fat: EWAT + RWAT; FFA: plasma free fatty acid. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance scores, according to the following formula: (milligrams of glucose per deciliter × microunits of insulin per milliliter) ÷ 405. Higher numbers indicate greater insulin resistance.
aDose (g/kg/day).
