Amelioration of Cadmium-Produced Teratogenicity and Genotoxicity in Mice Given Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina) Treatment

Table 3

Incidence and type of malformations at term induced by cadmium (Cd) and Arthrospira maxima (AM) in mice.

Treatment; (mg/kg)	Examined fetuses	Number of fetuses with external abnormalities
		Exencephaly	Micrognathia	Ablephary	Microphthalmia	Clubfoot
Water	96	0^b	0^b	0^b	0^b	0^b
Tween	95	0^b	0^b	0^b	0^b	0^b
AM (800)	94	0^b	0^b	0^b	0^b	0^b
Cd (1.5)	92	56 (60.86)^a	47 (51.08)^a	11 (12.50)^a	8 (8.69)^a	26 (28.26)^a
AM + Cd (200)	98	13 (13.26)^a,b	2 (2.04)^a,b	1 (1.020)^a,b	3 (3.06)^a,b	3 (3.06)^a,b
AM + Cd (400)	93	6 (6.45)^a,b	1 (1.07)^a,b	0^b	1 (1.098)^a,b	1 (1.098)^a,b
AM + Cd (800)	90	3 (3.33)^a,b	1 (1.11)^a,b	0^b	0^b	0^b

The determinations were made with 8 pregnant mice per group. Values inside parenthesis represent percentage. ^aStatistically significant difference with respect to the control value and ^bwith respect to the value of Cd treated mice. 𝑋²-test followed by Fisher’s exact test; 𝑃<0.05.