A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Raphani Semen

Table 1

Bioactive compounds of Raphani Semen.

Classifications	Compounds and their chemical structures	Molecular formulae	Functions/Pharmacological effects
Alkaloid	Sinapine	C16H24NO5^+	Antidiarrheal and anti-inflammatory activities [19]; Radioprotective effect [20, 21] and neuroprotective effect [22]; Antioxidative function [23]; Antiaging property [24]; Potential to treat Alzheimer's disease [25, 26]
Glucosinolates	Glucoraphanin	C12H23NO10S3	Precursor of sulforaphane [27, 28]; In vitro modulator of hepatic cytochrome P450 and phase II conjugation activities [29]
	Glucoraphenin	C12H21NO10S3	Precursor of sulforaphene [30]
Isothiocyanates	Sulforaphane	C6H11NOS2	Chemopreventive effect on human cancer cells (including mammary cancer cell [31, 32], prostate cells [33, 34], pancreatic cancer cells [35], colon cancer cells [36], T-cell leukemia [37], immortalized lymphoblastic cells [38], and immortalized hepatocytes [39], as well as murine hepatoma cells [40]); Protection against radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice [41]; Neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects [28]
	Sulforaphene	C6H9NOS2	Antibacterial [42] activities; Anti-human immortalized hepatocytes [39]
Brassinosteroids	Castasterone	C28H48O5	Cytotoxic to human cancer cell lines [43]; Plant growth hormones [44]
	Brassinolide	C28H48O6	Plant growth hormone [44, 45]
	Teasterone	C28H48O4	N/A
	28-Homoteasterone	C29H50O4	Plant growth hormone [46]

N/A; not applicable.