Potential Roles of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in Abrogating Insulin Resistance and Diabetes: A Review

Figure 1

Manually derived and structured mechanisms of the insulin-signalling pathway in a normal state triggered by high glucose levels in the blood, prompting insulin binding and cascades of phosphorylation by ATP bindings, finally leading to the migration of GLUT4 from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane for extracellular glucose uptake. IR: insulin receptor; Y: tyrosine; S: serine; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K: phosphoinositide kinase 3; PIP₂: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP₃: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PDK: PIP₃-dependent kinase; PKB/Akt: protein kinase B; GLUT4: glucose transporter 4.