Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Evaluation of the Effects of Honey on Acute-Phase Deep Burn Wounds

Table 2

The proportions of necrotic cells in each group.

Group

Epidermis ()

30 min

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Appendage ()

30 min

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

No treatment

5–10

96.5 ± 7.4

98.4 ± 3.6

100.0 ± 0.0

5–9

100.0 ± 0.0

SSD

8–11

100.0 ± 0.0

7–10

100.0 ± 0.0

Manuka honey

8–12

99.7 ± 1.0

100.0 ± 0.0

8–11

100.0 ± 0.0

Acacia honey

9–11

97.1 ± 4.8

100.0 ± 0.0

8–11

100.0 ± 0.0

No treatment

5–10

96.1 ± 7.9

94.1 ± 10.6

98.3 ± 3.8

99.6 ± 1.1

97.8 ± 2.8

5–9

93.4 ± 8.6

91.4 ± 12.8

93.4 ± 9.6

99.0 ± 2.7

96.8 ± 5.4

SSD

8–11

98.2 ± 4.2

99.7 ± 1.0

100.0 ± 0.0

7–10

91.5 ± 11.8

97.4 ± 6.4

100.0 ± 0.0

Manuka honey

8–12

98.8 ± 3.0

100.0 ± 0.0

99.0 ± 3.4

99.5 ± 1.4

8–11

93.3 ± 11.0

92.5 ± 6.0

94.8 ± 9.6

98.9 ± 3.8

100.0 ± 0.0

Acacia honey

9–11

87.7 ± 5.5

93.6 ± 10.2

97.5 ± 4.4

97.6 ± 5.4

97.7 ± 4.0

8–11

82.7 ± 10.8

89.0 ± 7.0

96.5 ± 8.0

94.6 ± 8.6

97.5 ± 4.8

No treatment

5–10

83.9 ± 11.0

88.4 ± 11.9

80.9 ± 4.0

93.5 ± 7.9

92.4 ± 5.4

5–9

85.8 ± 6.6

84.4 ± 9.2

86.7 ± 10.6

87.9 ± 9.6

83.2 ± 10.8

SSD

8–11

95.5 ± 5.2

94.3 ± 4.7

96.5 ± 4.6

96.0 ± 6.1

92.9 ± 8.2

7–10

90.0 ± 5.0

91.4 ± 7.7

94.3 ± 8.4

93.2 ± 10.8

93.7 ± 6.9

Manuka honey

8–12

81.2 ± 8.7

94.8 ± 3.1

86.8 ± 12.1^β

93.1 ± 5.4

94.5 ± 7.5

8–11

78.8 ± 9.9

86.0 ± 3.8

82.0 ± 10.9^β

84.1 ± 17.9

89.2 ± 15.3

Acacia honey

9–11

8.9 ± 10.9

82.4 ± 8.2

85.5 ± 4.5

92.7 ± 5.6

91.0 ± 7.6

8–11

85.7 ± 5.1

84.7 ± 9.6

80.4 ± 8.0^β

88.8 ± 12.6

88.6 ± 12.4

No treatment

5–10

83.2 ± 9.4

82.8 ± 12.2

82.6 ± 7.6^β

87.9 ± 6.6

86.0 ± 5.5

5–9

84.9 ± 5.4

84.5 ± 4.9

80.4 ± 9.1

81.5 ± 9.2

76.5 ± 17.1

SSD

8–11

94.6 ± 3.3

92.9 ± 5.1

93.4 ± 4.3

92.3 ± 5.2

91.6 ± 6.5

7–10

84.4 ± 8.0

84.7 ± 9.8

86.5 ± 8.5

83.5 ± 9.2

83.7 ± 15.5

Manuka honey

8–12

78.1 ± 10.2

88.9 ± 9.8

87.3 ± 6.3

87.3 ± 7.0

89.3 ± 5.7

8–11

75.5 ± 11.7

81.0 ± 5.0

77.2 ± 11.5

73.2 ± 13.9

78.3 ± 7.3

Acacia honey

9–11

75.1 ± 11.2

76.1 ± 8.0

82.7 ± 7.7

87.1 ± 7.1

83.7 ± 4.4^β

8–11

82.4 ± 3.1

78.4 ± 12.7

79.6 ± 8.4

79.9 ± 14.5

83.8 ± 9.8

No treatment

5–10

78.3 ± 8.6

83.0 ± 9.1

87.0 ± 8.9

87.3 ± 5.1

86.2 ± 7.4

5–9

80.6 ± 9.4

79.5 ± 8.0

81.3 ± 6.2

78.9 ± 8.9

80.2 ± 10.9

SSD

8–11

91.9 ± 4.4

92.5 ± 5.7

89.7 ± 6.2

88.7 ± 6.0

87.2 ± 7.7

7–10

87.6 ± 5.2

87.9 ± 6.3

81.4 ± 10.8

82.0 ± 12.3

81.7 ± 7.1

Manuka honey

8–12

76.0 ± 13.7

83.3 ± 8.8^β

86.0 ± 5.1

87.3 ± 8.6

86.3 ± 4.9

8–11

72.3 ± 11.1

72.3 ± 10.8

72.0 ± 12.2

78.4 ± 9.8

78.1 ± 5.4

Acacia honey

9–11

75.2 ± 10.1

79.0 ± 6.9

79.0 ± 7.8

83.0 ± 4.5

87.1 ± 3.4

8–11

83.0 ± 7.4

82.3 ± 6.9

72.3 ± 8.8^ab

78.0 ± 7.7

80.1 ± 7.1

No treatment

5–10

79.4 ± 6.0

88.1 ± 7.0

90.4 ± 4.2

86.7 ± 8.1

88.6 ± 7.0

5–9

88.4 ± 6.1

80.4 ± 8.7

86.2 ± 8.7

77.9 ± 10.5

79.4 ± 8.3

SSD

8–11

90.6 ± 5.4

88.5 ± 7.2

90.5 ± 6.6

92.2 ± 4.4

89.5 ± 3.2

7–10

86.6 ± 8.6

86.5 ± 5.2

81.7 ± 11.5

85.3 ± 12.9

83.7 ± 9.8

Manuka honey

8–12

77.5 ± 10.1

84.0 ± 6.9

84.6 ± 5.3

89.7 ± 8.7

88.0 ± 6.0

8–11

74.8 ± 11.7^α

78.2 ± 7.9

73.9 ± 14.1

76.1 ± 10.6

83.3 ± 8.2

Acacia honey

9–11

82.8 ± 6.9

83.9 ± 8.1

80.0 ± 8.5

82.7 ± 9.3^β

84.2 ± 8.1

8–11

80.5 ± 10.7

78.5 ± 9.4

79.0 ± 10.7

82.4 ± 8.6

83.5 ± 6.9

Group

Dermis ()

30 min

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Endothelial cell ()

30 min

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

No treatment

6–10

99.7 ± 1.0

100.0 ± 0.0

6–9

95.7 ± 8.1

100.0 ± 0.0

SSD

8–11

100.0 ± 0.0

99.8 ± 0.7

100.0 ± 0.0

7–11

93.3 ± 6.7

98.0 ± 6.3

98.3 ± 5.3

100.0 ± 0.0

Manuka honey

7–11

99.1 ± 1.4

99.8 ± 0.6

100.0 ± 0.0

6–10

90.7 ± 9.7

98.0 ± 6.3

100.0 ± 0.0

Acacia honey

9–11

97.2 ± 4.0

99.9 ± 0.4

99.7 ± 0.9

100.0 ± 0.0

97.9 ± 6.4

5–9

84.4 ± 15.0

93.4 ± 9.8

95.8 ± 7.7

97.5 ± 7.1

96.7 ± 7.5

No treatment

6–10

97.9 ± 3.0

96.2 ± 5.8

96.0 ± 4.7

100.0 ± 0.0

98.2 ± 2.4

6–9

98.8 ± 3.1

100.0 ± 0.0

97.2 ± 8.3

100.0 ± 0.0

SSD

8–11

99.5 ± 1.5

99.3 ± 2.2

100.0 ± 0.0

99.3 ± 1.3

6–11

95.4 ± 7.6

96.8 ± 7.8

96.7 ± 8.2

100.0 ± 0.0

Manuka honey

7–11

97.6 ± 7.8

96.9 ± 2.6

100.0 ± 0.0

99.1 ± 2.3

99.6 ± 1.2

5–9

88.2 ± 12.2

91.8 ± 10.9

100.0 ± 0.0

98.0 ± 6.1

97.1 ± 6.4

Acacia honey

9–11

95.4 ± 7.2

96.4 ± 3.9

97.0 ± 3.5

98.5 ± 2.7

93.9 ± 10.6

5–11

88.4 ± 14.5

85.4 ± 9.4

88.2 ± 13.4

92.1 ± 13.9

91.8 ± 12.6

No treatment

6–10

100.0 ± 0.0

95.6 ± 3.2

94.7 ± 4.9

96.2 ± 5.9

92.4 ± 8.8^a

5–10

98.1 ± 5.0

95.0 ± 11.2

95.2 ± 6.2

100.0 ± 0.0

97.2 ± 6.6

SSD

8–11

99.3 ± 1.5

98.7 ± 2.7

99.7 ± 1.0

97.5 ± 3.8

96.6 ± 4.3

7–10

94.3 ± 9.1

96.5 ± 5.6

94.1 ± 11.6

98.0 ± 6.3

98.0 ± 5.4

Manuka honey

7–11

95.3 ± 4.1^{α β}

95.8 ± 3.8

94.3 ± 3.3

95.9 ± 5.2

94.1 ± 7.0

7–10

84.8 ± 9.4

86.8 ± 11.7

86.9 ± 14.4

97.8 ± 3.7

93.9 ± 11.5

Acacia honey

9–11

94.7 ± 4.4

91.4 ± 4.1

91.5 ± 6.3

95.2 ± 5.1

93.7 ± 8.2

6–9

86.5 ± 12.6

86.8 ± 12.5

86.3 ± 12.2

94.0 ± 8.2

92.5 ± 12.3

No treatment

6–10

99.5 ± 1.2

95.7 ± 5.0

95.6 ± 5.5

97.0 ± 3.3

92.1 ± 8.5^a

4–9

96.9 ± 6.2

96.4 ± 7.1

98.5 ± 3.7

98.8 ± 3.5

98.3 ± 2.7

SSD

8–11

100.0 ± 0.0

98.2 ± 3.3

97.7 ± 4.1

95.0 ± 3.2^a

95.6 ± 4.5

7–10

94.3 ± 8.9

96.1 ± 8.7

96.6 ± 7.2

100.0 ± 0.0

96.9 ± 8.8

Manuka honey

7–11

90.7 ± 6.9

91.9 ± 3.6

95.6 ± 5.5

91.8 ± 6.6

89.3 ± 7.3

4–9

82.7 ± 14.8

86.7 ± 11.0

86.7 ± 11.4

95.1 ± 7.9

96.2 ± 9.4

Acacia honey

9–11

93.7 ± 3.6

95.6 ± 3.9

94.2 ± 6.6

93.9 ± 6.9

90.2 ± 9.1

5–9

83.4 ± 13.9

85.4 ± 16.8

89.5 ± 9.9

95.8 ± 9.4

92.2 ± 8.9

No treatment

5–10

99.2 ± 1.8

95.3 ± 4.0

97.5 ± 2.5

96.9 ± 2.8

94.2 ± 3.8

5–10

94.4 ± 7.9

95.8 ± 5.8

100.0 ± 0.0

97.8 ± 3.5

SSD

8–11

99.7 ± 0.8

99.1 ± 2.2

97.3 ± 3.6

95.6 ± 6.6

96.0 ± 6.4

4–10

96.4 ± 9.4

98.0 ± 6.3

98.6 ± 3.2

97.1 ± 6.4

95.8 ± 8.3

Manuka honey

7–11

90.1 ± 6.2

88.6 ± 4.4

92.9 ± 5.7

94.2 ± 5.1

89.2 ± 6.8

4–9

85.4 ± 11.8

84.9 ± 11.6^β

83.1 ± 18.1

94.9 ± 8.7

96.4 ± 7.1

Acacia honey

9–11

94.4 ± 4.3^{α β}

93.5 ± 5.5^β

91.8 ± 5.2^β

92.9 ± 6.2

94.5 ± 6.2

4–10

83.0 ± 13.8

88.4 ± 12.9

90.3 ± 8.4

96.1 ± 4.8

95.0 ± 10.0

No treatment

5–10

98.4 ± 2.1

93.2 ± 9.5

97.2 ± 3.3

95.8 ± 4.0

91.0 ± 6.6

4–7

94.7 ± 6.2

92.9 ± 12.0

98.1 ± 3.8

98.2 ± 4.7

94.0 ± 10.3

SSD

8–11

99.4 ± 1.9

99.1 ± 1.7

99.2 ± 1.9

97.6 ± 3.7

96.6 ± 5.3

4–8

95.2 ± 12.6

100.0 ± 0.0

98.6 ± 3.9

94.3 ± 8.8

95.2 ± 5.5

Manuka honey

7–11

88.8 ± 9.3

90.8 ± 11.2

96.4 ± 3.5

92.4 ± 6.2

87.2 ± 5.5^β

4–8

85.6 ± 11.6

86.4 ± 9.8^β

90.6 ± 12.0

93.6 ± 8.7

95.1 ± 7.6

Acacia honey

9–11

93.8 ± 5.3

95.8 ± 5.2

93.0 ± 6.2^β

95.4 ± 5.0

93.8 ± 7.4

4–7

82.0 ± 11.9

88.3 ± 13.0

88.2 ± 7.9

93.3 ± 14.9

90.8 ± 10.7

Group

Adipose ()

30 min

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Overall ()

30 min

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

No treatment

6–10

92.5 ± 8.1

100.0 ± 0.0

5–11

93.4 ± 2.6

93.1 ± 5.1

93.6 ± 1.8

95.8 ± 1.8

94.0 ± 3.3

SSD

8–11

100.0 ± 0.0

99.5 ± 1.5

8–11

96.2 ± 2.5

96.6 ± 1.4

96.2 ± 1.5

96.4 ± 1.8

95.8 ± 2.9

Manuka honey

9–11

92.4 ± 8.9

98.9 ± 2.7

98.3 ± 3.4

100.0 ± 0.0

7–11

87.6 ± 3.3

91.0 ± 1.9

91.3 ± 3.9

93.4 ± 2.8^{α β}

93.6 ± 1.9

Acacia honey

9–12

96.9 ± 4.1

98.1 ± 3.9

99.7 ± 1.0

98.7 ± 3.3

98.6 ± 3.4

9–12

88.5 ± 3.1

90.5 ± 4.5

90.6 ± 2.9

93.8 ± 1.8

92.9 ± 1.3

No treatment

6–10

99.4 ± 1.7

97.4 ± 4.4

100.0 ± 0.0

Normal skin ()

SSD

8–11

99.5 ± 1.5

100.0 ± 0.0

99.1 ± 2.5

Epidermis

50.2 ± 6.5

Manuka honey

9–11

91.7 ± 9.9

96.8 ± 5.6

98.7 ± 2.8

100.0 ± 0.0

Appendage

47.0 ± 6.6

Acacia honey

9–12

95.9 ± 5.9

95.7 ± 8.5

99.1 ± 3.0

100.0 ± 0.0

95.9 ± 6.5

Dermis

62.8 ± 6.8

No treatment

6–10

99.0 ± 2.1

92.3 ± 12.4

96.9 ± 4.9

99.8 ± 0.7

98.3 ± 5.3

Blood vessel

56.8 ± 10.7

SSD

8–11

97.8 ± 3.7

100.0 ± 0.0

99.5 ± 1.6

99.6 ± 6.1

98.0 ± 4.0

Adipose

57.2 ± 8.6

Manuka honey

9–11

93.7 ± 9.0

95.6 ± 7.1

93.1 ± 7.7

98.8 ± 3.8

97.3 ± 6.3

All

54.8 ± 1.8

Acacia honey

9–12

93.0 ± 6.5

95.3 ± 6.0

93.8 ± 5.5

95.6 ± 5.9

96.9 ± 5.6

No treatment

5–10

98.6 ± 2.9

91.4 ± 13.4

97.4 ± 5.8

99.1 ± 2.9

97.7 ± 5.1

SSD

8–11

99.6 ± 1.3

98.0 ± 4.4

98.7 ± 5.2

100.0 ± 0.0

Manuka honey

9–11

86.1 ± 6.8

95.7 ± 5.8

89.4 ± 10.5

96.7 ± 4.8

95.0 ± 6.9

Acacia honey

9–12

93.3 ± 7.0

90.8 ± 7.0

93.8 ± 6.2

97.7 ± 3.7

97.3 ± 4.3

No treatment

5–10

95.8 ± 6.8

96.0 ± 5.1

96.7 ± 7.5

99.2 ± 2.5

99.1 ± 2.8

SSD

8–11

99.2 ± 1.8

99.8 ± 0.7

98.3 ± 4.0

98.2 ± 6.0

95.8 ± 11.8

Manuka honey

7–11

90.4 ± 10.5^β

88.2 ± 7.8

93.2 ± 13.2

96.6 ± 5.4

97.3 ± 5.8

Acacia honey

6–12

93.1 ± 5.5

91.2 ± 7.0

94.8 ± 5.5

97.8 ± 5.0

97.6 ± 5.8

No treatment

5–10

98.1 ± 3.2

98.1 ± 4.3

97.1 ± 6.4

100.0 ± 0.0

98.5 ± 4.8

SSD

8–11

100.0 ± 0.0

99.6 ± 1.2

100.0 ± 0.0

Manuka honey

5–11

86.8 ± 9.1

90.9 ± 8.5^β

96.5 ± 7.8

98.7 ± 3.0

97.8 ± 6.7

Acacia honey

7–12

94.8 ± 4.4

90.4 ± 9.5

93.4 ± 8.1

98.9 ± 3.8

98.4 ± 4.4

Values are expressed as mean ± SD, ANOVA, and Tukey-Kramer HSD.
α: versus no treatment, α′: versus no treatment, α′′: versus no treatment, β: versus SSD, β′: versus SSD, β′′: versus SSD, γ: versus manuka honey, γ′: versus manuka honey, γ′′: versus manuka honey, θ: versus acacia honey, θ′: versus acacia honey, θ′′: versus acacia honey, a: versus 30 min, a′: versus 30 min, a′′: versus 30 min, b: versus day 1, b′: versus day 1, b′′: versus day 1, c: versus day 2, c′: versus day 2, c′′: versus day 2, d: versus day 3, d′: versus day 3, d′′: versus day 3, e: versus day 4, e′: versus day 4, and e′′: versus day 4.